- 中文名
- 过去分词
- 外文名
- past participle
- 类 型
- 分词
- 构 成
- 规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加-ed构成
目录
- 1 相关后缀
- ▪ -ed
- ▪ -d
- ▪ -t
- ▪ -en
- ▪ -n
- ▪ -ee
- ▪ -ate
- ▪ -edly
- ▪ -bound
- ▪ -ative
- ▪ -ive
- ▪ -ion
- ▪ -ure
- ▪ -spoken
- ▪ -or
- ▪ -ite
- ▪ -ation
- ▪ -ible
- ▪ -ity
- ▪ -made
- 2 构成规则
- 3 不规则动词
- ▪ 概观
- ▪ 拼写不变型
- ▪ 1型
- ▪ 2型
- ▪ 3型
- ▪ 4型
- ▪ 5型
- ▪ 6型
- ▪ 14混合型
- ▪ 34混合型
- ▪ 46混合型
- ▪ 146混合型
- ▪ 126混合型
- ▪ 134混合型
- ▪ 复杂变化型
- ▪ AAA型
- ▪ ABB型
- ▪ ABC型
- ▪ AAB型
- ▪ ABA型
- ▪ 情态动词型
- ▪ 常用过去分词
- ▪ 其他情况
- 4 不止一个
- 5 过去分词与形容词
- 6 过去分词与名词
- 7 过去分词与动词
- 8 外来词及其他
- ▪ 拉丁语、法语
- ▪ 古英语
- ▪ 西班牙语
- 9 充当表语
- 10 充当定语
- 11 充当状语
- 12 独立主格
- 13 充当宾语补足语
- 14 with +宾语+过去分词
- 15 其他功能
- ▪ 作为完成式的组成部分
- ▪ 作为被动语态的组成部分
- ▪ 用于造词
相关后缀
precedent—precedented
wretch
—wretched
celebrate—celebrated
cultivate—cultivated
deserve—deserved
disease—diseased
disgruntle—disgruntled
fate—fated
hear—heard
practise—practised
resolve—resolved
separate—separated
souse—soused
waste—wasted
也可以附在名词后构成形容词,如:shrew—shrewd。
还可以构成表示状态的名词,如:foe—feud。
用以构成名词,相当于名词化的过去分词:restrain—restraint
[28]
。
源于拉丁语过去分词的形容词也可能以-t结尾,如distinct源于拉丁语distinguere的过去分词distinctus。
[13]
来自拉丁语某些动词的过去分词结尾-atus,与-ed同源。这些过去分词作为形容词被引入英语,因英语中很多形容词、动词同形,故又作为动词使用(如animate、
separate
、
moderate
)。化学中用-ate表示盐、酯也源于这个过去分词结尾。比如:
rustic—rusticate
transform—transformative
accentuate—accentuation
fluctuate—fluctuation
suppress—suppression
允许加后缀,如confessional。
构成规则
work——work
ed
visit——visit
ed
(2)以e结尾的动词加-d。
live—live
d
agree—agree
d
ante—ante
d
study—studied
cry—cried
try—tried
fry—fried
[1]
ensky—enskied
freeze-dry—freeze-
dried
但ensky的过去分词有enskyed的写法。
stop—stopped
drop—dropped
特例:
有两类动词本身应该直接加“ed”,但由于历史习惯,依旧要双写最后一个字母,再加-ed。以“
元音字母
+l”非重读结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写“l”,再加-ed。例如cancel→cancelled,
dial
→dialled。另外还有一些以非重读闭音节结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed。例如:kidnap→kidnapped,
worship
→worshipped。而上述两种情况在美国一般却直接加-ed。
(5)以c结尾的动词,加-ked。
traffic—trafficked
arc—arcked
这样做主要是为了避免变化后其原型尾音/k/变成/s/。根据英文的拼写规则,c在字母e、i、y之前均发/s/,其他情况下均发/k/。如果直接加“ed”的话,trafficed将会读成/'træfɪsɪd/,而不读/'træfɪkt/。
但arc、talc、zinc的过去分词也有不含k的arced、talced、zinced的写法。
例外:disc—disced,sync—synced。
不规则动词
(1)增加新的不同的元音字母,或把原有的元音字母(或者y)换成完全不同的元音字母或:begin—begun,fight—fought。
(2)去掉结尾的e:slide—slid。
(4)加过去分词后缀:hear—heard,dream—dreamt,know—known,eat—eaten。
(5)删除辅音字母:alight—alit。
(6)换成完全不同的辅音字母或增加新的辅音字母:make—made。
下面我们基于以上四种操作来探讨不规则动词的过去分词。
-
1.
cast—cast
-
2.
cost—cost
-
3.
cut—cut
-
4.
hit—hit
-
5.
hurt—hurt
-
6.
let—let
-
7.
put—put
-
8.
read/ri:d/—read/red/ [2]
-
9.
set—set
-
10.
shred—shred
-
11.
shut—shut
spin—spun
spring—sprung
sting—stung
stink—stunk
swim—swum
swing—swung
i变o
win—won
i变ou
fight—fought
grind—
ground
o变e
behold—
beheld
hold—held
uphold—upheld
e变o
get—got
-
1.
arise—arisen
-
2.
blow—blown
-
3.
drive—driven
-
4.
forsake—forsaken
-
5.
grave—graven
-
6.
hew—hewn
-
7.
lade—laden
-
8.
rise—risen
-
9.
rive—riven
-
10.
shake—shaken
-
11.
shrive—shriven
-
12.
saw—sawn
-
13.
sow—sown
-
14.
strew—strewn
-
15.
take—taken
-
16.
throw—thrown
-
17.
unlade—unladen
interweave—interwoven
lie—lain
shear—shorn
tear
—torn
buy—bought
awake—awoken
sink—sunken
speak—spoken
swell—swollen
say—said
kneel—knelt
sleep—slept
sweep—swept
bless—blest
flee—fled
tread—trodden
bid—bidden
forget—forgotten
untread—untrodden
bring—brought
clothe—clad
misunderstand—misunderstood
stand—stood
think—thought
-
1.
cast——cast——cast
-
2.
cost—cost—cost
-
3.
cut—cut—cut
-
4.
hit—hit—hit
-
5.
hurt(损伤)—hurt—hurt
-
6.
let(让)—let—let
-
7.
put—put—put
- 8.
-
9.
set-set-set
-
10.
shut-shut-shut
-
1.
过去式和过去分词都含有 -ought。(4个) bring—brought—brought buy—bought—bought think—thought—thought fight—fought—fought
-
2.
词尾有-ild,-end时,只需把d变为t。(4个) build—built—built lend—lent— lent send—sent—sent spend—spent— spent
- 3.
-
4.
把-eep、-eel变为-ept、-elt。(4个) keep—kept—kept sleep—slept—slept sweep— swept—swept feel—felt— felt
-
5.
把-ell变为-old。(2个) tell—told—told sell—sold—sold
-
6.
把-ell、-ill变为-elt或-ilt。(3个) smell—smelt—smelt spell—spelt—spelt spill—spilt—spilt
-
7.
把-eed、-ead、-eet变为-ed或-et。(4个) feed—fed—fed lead—led—led speed—sped—sped meet—met—met
-
8.
过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t。(6个) learn—learnt—learnt mean—meant—meant spoil—spoilt—spoilt burn—burnt—burnt dream—dreamt—dreamt deal—dealt—dealt
-
9.
过去式、过去分词词尾去y变-id(3个) say—said—said pay—paid—paid lay—laid—laid
-
10.
改变 元音字母 。(12个) get—got—got sit—sat—sat find—found—found hold—held—held spit—spat—spat shine—shone—shone win—won—won hang—hung—hung dig— dug—dug
- 11.
-
12.
改变元、辅音字母。(4个) leave—left—left stand—stood—stood have/has—had—had understand—understood—understood
-
1.
i—a—u变化。(7个) begin—began—begun drink—drank—drunk sing— sang—sung ring—rang—rung swim—swam—swum sink— sank—sunk spring—sprang—sprung
-
2.
词尾为-ow,-aw时,过去式将其变为-ew,过去分词在其原形后加n。(5个) blow—blew—blown draw—drew—drawn grow— grew—grown know—knew—known throw—threw—thrown(show除外)
-
3.
词尾为“i+辅(1个)+e”,过去式将i变为o,过去分词多在原形后加n,若那个辅音字母为d或t,须双写d或t后加n。(4个)(give,hide除外) drive—drove—driven write—wrote—written ride— rode—ridden rise—rose—risen
-
4.
过去分词在过去式后加n。(3个) wake—woke—woken speak-spoke-spoken steal-stole-stolen
-
5.
过去分词由过去式加-ten构成。(2个) get-got-gotten/got forget—forgot—forgotten
-
6.
过去分词由原形加(e)n构成。(7个) be—was(were)—been eat—ate—eaten fall—fell—fallen give—gave—given see—saw—seen hide—hid—hidden(hid) take—took—taken
-
7.
词尾 为-ake时,过去式将其变为-ook,过去分词在原形词后加-n。(2个) take—took—taken mistake—mistook—mistaken
-
8.
原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。(6个) do—did—done fly—flew—flown go—went—gone lie—lay—lain show—showed—shown wear—wore—worn
-
9.
词尾为-eak时,过去式将其变为-oke,过去分词在过去式后加-n。(2个) break—broke—broken speak—spoke—spoken
-
10.
词中间为“oo+辅(1个)+e”或“ee+辅(1个)+e”,过去式将oo、ee变为o,过去分词在过去式后加-n。(2个) choose—chose—chosen freeze—froze—frozen
-
1.
can—could
-
2.
may—might
-
3.
will—would
-
4.
shall—should
must 既没有过去式也没有过去分词。
begin(开始) began begun
drink
(喝) drank drunk
ring(铃响) rang rung
sing
(唱) sang sung
swim
(游泳) swam swum
blow
(吹) blew blown
draw(画) drew drawn
fly(飞) flew flown
grow
(生长) grew grown
know(知道) knew known
throw
(投掷) threw thrown
show
(出示) showed shown
break(打破) broke broken
choose(选择) chose chosen
speak
(说,讲) spoke spoken
wake
(醒) woke woken
drive(驾驶) drove driven
eat
(吃) ate eaten
fall
(落下) fell fallen
give
(给) gave given
rise
(升高) rose risen
take
(取) took taken
ride
(骑) rode ridden
write(写) wrote written
do(做) did
done
go(去) went gone
lie(平躺) lay lain
see(看见) saw seen
wear
(穿) wore worn
cost
(花费)cost cost
cut(割) cut cut
hit(打) hit hit
hurt(伤害) hurt hurt
let(让) let let
put
(放) put put
read(读) read read
arise arose arisen
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten/bit
bleed bled bled
blend blended blent
bless blessed blest
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft
cling clung clung
clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
crow crowed/crew crowed
cut cut cut
dare dared/durst dared
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelt dwelt
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forecast forecast/forecasted forecast / forecasted
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid
get got gotten
gild gilded/gilt gilded
gird girded/girt girded/girt
give gave given
go went gone
grave graved graven/graved
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged
have had had
hear heard heard
heave heaved/hove hesved/hove
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
know knew known
lade laded laden
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned
leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lielay lain
lielied lied
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose
lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
melt melted meited/molten
mistake mistook mistaken
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
outgrow outgrew outgrown
overcome overcame overcome
oversee oversaw overseen
pay
paid paid
prove proved proved/proven
put put put
quit quitted/quit quitted/quit
read read read
rend rent rent
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
rive rived riven/rived
run ran run
saw sawed sawn/sawed
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
set set set
sew sewed sewn/sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved/shaven
shear sheared sheared/shorn
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoe shod shod
shoot shot shot
show showed shown/showed
shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk/shrunken
shrive shrove / shrived shriven/shrived
shut shut shut
sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slink slunk slunk
slit slit slit
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
smite smote smitten
sow sowed sown/sowed
speak spoke spoken
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
spin spun/span spun
spit spat/spit spat/spit
spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
spread spread spread
spring sprang/sprung sprung
stand stood stood
stave staved/stove staved/stove
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen/swelled
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden/trod
upset upset upset
wake woke/waked woken/waked
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
weep wept wept
win won won
wind wound wound
work worked/wrought worked/wrought
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written
不止一个
learn—learned,
learnt
light—lighted,lit
rive—rived,
riven
shred—shredded,shred
spoil—spoiled,
spoilt
过去分词与形容词
过去分词单独用时往往和形容词难以区分,有些词如
damned
可以说已经是标准的形容词了(最高级
damnedest
)。区别方法之一是形容词可能用very修饰,过去分词不能。另外从发音上看,某些形容词会把-ed中e的音发出来,如
learned
,cursed,blessed。
被视为形容词的过去分词很多。规则动词的过去分词中,除开上面已经提到的,还有
finned
,frenzied,deferred,fancied,justified,
lipped
,
jellied
,
fried
,committed,
disembodied
,
matted
,
hurried
,married。
不规则的过去分词也有作为形容词的,如:
swollen
,
blest
,shrunken,hurt,
shorn
,said,
ground
,
forsworn
,
upset
,misunderstood,heartbroken,
cleft
。cleft也是名词。
形容词distraught曾经是一个不规则过去分词,但现在只作为形容词使用。
[10]
以-ate结尾的形容词一般来自
拉丁语
的过去分词结尾,这时它们就是标准的形容词了,如
appellate
,dilatate。这类形容词有时候也是动词,形容词和同形动词的过去分词是
同义词
,比如
inebriated
和
inebriate
。
过去分词与名词
名词后缀-ee来自法语过去分词。restraint也如此。
[28]
过去分词与动词
过去分词作为非
限定动词
的一种,本身就具备一定的动词属性,但不能直接充当谓语。某些动词的过去分词也有限定动词的意思,是原词的同义词,比如gird的过去分词girt,girt作为限定动词是gird的同义词。
以-ate结尾的动词一般来自拉丁语的过去分词结尾,这时它们就是标准的限定动词了,比如
desiccate
,situate,sibilate。这些动词有自己的以-ated结尾的过去分词。其中某些过去分词如
desiccated
,situtated也可以作为形容词。有时候带-ate和不带-ate的均有,两者是同义词,如predestine和
predestinate
。
外来词及其他
拉丁语动词
|
过去分词
|
名词
|
派生名词
|
动词
|
过去分词
|
英语动词
|
参考资料
|
fluere
|
fluctus
|
fluctus
|
-
|
fluctuare
|
fluctuatus
|
fluctuate
|
[3]
|
terere
|
tritus
|
tritura
|
-
|
triturare
|
trituratus
|
triturate
|
[6]
|
canere
|
cantus
|
cantus
|
accentus
|
accentuare
|
accentuatus
|
accentuate
|
[9]
|
eventire
|
eventus
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
eventuate
|
[16]
|
transgredi
|
transgressus
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
transgress
|
[20]
|
extorquere
|
extortus
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
extort
|
[24]
|
法语动词
|
过去分词
|
英语名词
|
参考资料
|
fondre
|
fondue(阴性)
|
fondue
|
[25]
|
employer
|
employé
|
employe
|
[27]
|
拉丁语动词
|
过去分词
|
动词
|
过去分词
|
英语形容词
|
参考资料
|
nasci
|
natus
|
naître(法语)
|
née(阴性)
|
nee
|
[5]
|
emergere
|
emersus
|
-
|
-
|
emersed
|
[4]
|
拉丁语动词
|
过去分词
|
名词
|
派生动词
|
过去分词
|
英语名词
|
参考资料
|
adire
|
aditus
|
aditus
|
-
|
-
|
adit
|
[7]
|
spuere
|
sputum
|
sputum
|
-
|
-
|
sputum
|
[18]
|
affluere
|
affluxus
|
affluxus
|
-
|
-
|
afflux
|
[19]
|
stare
|
status
|
status
|
statuere
|
statutum(中性)
|
statute
|
[23]
|
subscribere
|
subscriptus
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
subscript
|
[26]
|
dory(鱼名)源于古法语dorer的阴性过去分词doree,dorer源于拉丁语deaurare的过去分词deauratus。
[14]
英语中的法语词risqué(有伤风化的)是法语risquer的过去分词。
[15]
充当表语
(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被动语态,表示动作)
【注意】过去分词表示被动和完成,V-ing 形式表示主动和进行.有些动词如 interest,
bore
,
worry
,surprise,frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物。
(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣。
充当定语
1. 过去分词充当定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
3.过去分词短语有时也可充当非限制性定语,前后常有逗号。
The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.有5000多人参加的会议欢迎这位大英雄
4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。
The boy looked up with a pleased satisfied expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。
充当状语
【注意】
written
为
过去分词作状语
,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于
系表结构
,充当状语时在意义上是“主动”的。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路);
seated
(坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦)。
(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题。
(2)Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
(1) Caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了。 (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于
原因状语从句
Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)
(2)_Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。grown in rich soil 为过去分词作
条件状语
,它来源于
条件状语从句
。If these seeds are grown in rich soil.
When given a medical examination,you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。
He stood there silently,moved to tears. = Moved to tears,he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶。
独立主格
(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了。
(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。
her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语。
充当宾语补足语
(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;)
(2) He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found)
2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have,make,get,keep,leave等。
(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发。
(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。
(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。
使役动词
have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。
过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成:He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了。(被别人偷去了)
过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历:He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。 (自己的经历)
3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider,know,think等后。如:
(1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。
(2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中又受愚弄了。
4. 表示爱憎,意愿的动词如want, wish, like, hate等后。如:
(1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。
(2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。
with +宾语+过去分词
(1) The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后。(表方式)
(3) With the matter settled,we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了。(表原因)
(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿。
其他功能
un-:uninhibited,
unaltered
,
undocumented
,unabated,unleavened,unsubstantiated,
unprejudiced
,unfunded,undefined,
unidentified
,unfrequented,
unremitted
,
unbleached
,
unstressed
,uncoordinated,unsecured,unrecorded,
unaccented
,
uncounted
,
uncharted
,unheeded,unheralded,
uncircumcised
,
unmet
,unformed,unfazed,undressed,unexpected,
unrivaled
,
undoubted
,unrequited,unwearied,
unschooled
,
unparalleled
,unpublished,unearned,
unfounded
,unlinked,
unasked
,undeveloped。
mis-:
misaligned
mal-:malformed
(2)副词+过去分词。构成形容词。
(3)过去分词+-ness。构成名词。
jazzed-up
(6)形容词+过去分词。构成形容词。
good-humored
altered-state