The Indonesia May 1998 Riots that comes as an aftermath of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis left a big wound in Indonesian people's heart, especially Tionghoa (Chinese Indonesian) people. As a group that considered dominating the nation's economy, they were forced to receive the anger and resentment of the Indonesian people. The other Indonesian ethnic groups felt their wealth was seized and often turned the Chinese Indonesian into a scapegoat for all the misfortune that had befallen the country several events. Incidents of looting, sexual harassment, and murder had caused permanent scars in the Chinese Indonesian mind even many years after the event. This thesis is structured to study not only the attitudes of Chinese Indonesians but also their relationships with the Pribumi people developed from their memories of the specific event. The results obtained from observing both group's behavior in social media and daily lives, one-on-one interviews with 30 ethnic Chinese and 15 ethnic Pribumi people have suggested that racism and discrimination towards the ethnic Chinese are still proceeding. But this study will also show that some people, both the Chinese Indonesians and the Pribumi people, have tried to overcome such antagonism and begun cross-ethnic collaborations. They choose to forget the dark past and open themselves for inter-ethnic collaboration and work together for art and humanities.
ABSTRACT i
摘要 ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures vi
CHAPTER I 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problematics 5
1.3 Literature Review 6
1.3.1 Indonesia as a Country that Upholds Nationalism in a pluralistic Society 7
1.3.2 Who are ‘Chinese Indonesian’, Positioning and Built-up Images 11
1.3.3 Unfruitful Government Intervention 14
1.4 Research Hypotheses 17
1.5 Research Objectives and Research Questions 18
1.6 Research Methodology 19
1.7 Chapter Design 20
CHAPTER II 23
The Shaping of the Relationship between the Indigenous and Chinese Indonesian 23
2.1 Background of 1998 Riots Event 23
2.2 Problematizing the terms of Pribumi 29
2.3 Colonialism Period, Hierarchy and Compartmentalization 42
2.4 Transition from the Old Order Governmentality to New Order Governmentality, G-30S PKI Incident 54
2.5 Under the Soeharto Governmentality, Various Shape of Discrimination by the Government 61
CHAPTER III 68
Contemporary Discrimination and Wounds that Hard to Heal 68
3.1 Ineffective Attempts to Mitigate and Enhancing the Status Quo by Government 68
3.2 Contemporary Disadvantages, Discrimination, Hostility Received by Ethnic Chinese 76
3.3 Relationship Development in Contemporary Days between Ethnic Pribumi and Ethnic Chinese 86
CHAPTER IV 96
Collaboration between the Indigenous and Chinese Indonesian, a Counteract of Hostility 96
4.1 Humanitarian Sector 98
4.1.1 Cetiya Takkasila 98
4.1.2 Ayo Dongeng Indonesia 104
4.1.3 Lemaribukubuku 108
4.2 Cultural Sector 113
4.2.1 Komik Faktap 113
4.2.2 Rumah Cinwa 116
4.2.3 Teater Katak 122
4.3 Expected Prospects for the Future 126
CHAPTER V 127
Conclusion 127
BIBLIOGRAPHIES 130
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