什么是社会对象,是什么使它们与科学研究现实的其他领域不同?社会学如何从理论上解释规范和社会结构等社会现实对象之间的关系,以及它们作为活生生的人类行为者的经验对象的存在?当代社会学的特点是在这个问题上存在根本分歧。具有讽刺意味的是,这正是阿尔弗雷德·舒茨在对马克斯·韦伯的社会学理论进行现象学批判时所解决的问题。正如舒茨在近一个世纪前所证明的那样,现象学的自我学方法对于非还原论的主体间性理论是必不可少的,即在证明主体间(社会)领域的相对独立性的同时,充分公正地体现了有意识的生活。进行中,舒茨的世俗现象学不仅导致对各种哲学唯我论的彻底拒绝,而且还警告了胡塞尔本人屈服于的危险,即授予集体结构超验地位。通过对舒茨在社会世界现象学中的早期理论以及胡塞尔的关键文本的批判性阅读,本文展示了舒茨的主体间性现象学理论作为“社会”的本体论基础和研究方法的持续相关性并描述具体的社会对象转变为适合经验观察的理论分析对象。授予集体结构超验地位。通过对舒茨在社会世界现象学中的早期理论以及胡塞尔的关键文本的批判性阅读,本文展示了舒茨的主体间性现象学理论作为“社会”的本体论基础和研究方法的持续相关性并描述具体的社会对象转变为适合经验观察的理论分析对象。授予集体结构超验地位。通过对舒茨在社会世界现象学中的早期理论以及胡塞尔的关键文本的批判性阅读,本文展示了舒茨的主体间性现象学理论作为“社会”的本体论基础和研究方法的持续相关性并描述具体的社会对象转变为适合经验观察的理论分析对象。

What are social objects and what makes them different from other realms of scientifically studied reality? How can sociology theoretically account for the relationship between objects of social reality such as norms and social structures, and their existence as objects of experience for living human actors? Contemporary sociology is characterized by a fundamental dissensus with regard to this question. Ironically, this is the very problem Alfred Schutz tackled in his phenomenological critique of Max Weber’s sociological theory. As Schutz demonstrated nearly a century ago, phenomenology’s egological method is indispensable to a non-reductionist theory of intersubjectivity, namely, one that does full justice to embodied conscious life while demonstrating the relative independence of the intersubjective (social) sphere. In the process, Schutz’s mundane phenomenology results not only in a thorough rejection of all kinds of philosophical solipsism but also warns of the dangers, one that Husserl himself succumbed to, of granting collective structures transcendental status. Through a critical reading of Schutz’s early theory in the Phenomenology of the Social World, alongside key texts by Husserl, this paper shows the continued relevance of Schutz’s phenomenological theory of intersubjectivity to serve both as ontological grounding of “the social” and a method for investigating and describing concrete social objects in their transformation into theoretico-analytical objects amenable to empirical observation.