Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto, 100 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G3, Canada.
Department of Languages and Linguistics, Latrobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
Clinical Services, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
Monash University, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
这项研究调查了在相同地点但发音方式不同的卡纳达语冠状辅音实现中的发音差异。通过检查牙齿的舌头位置和声学共振峰过渡以及三种咬合方式的后屈来完成：停止，鼻和外侧。从十个说该语言的人那里收集的超声成像数据显示，与同一个发音位置的停止辅音和横向辅音相比，舌头的身体/根部在鼻部发音方式上更向前。与牙塞相比，鼻和外侧牙的前部也更高。结果，止挡位的对比度（原型牙对比逆反射）的强度要大于鼻翼和侧支（明显的肺泡逆反射）的对比度。发现声学共振峰过渡差异反映了一些发音差异，同时也为鼻和侧后屈的动态发音提供了证据。总体而言，研究结果阐明了方式要求（空气动力学或生理学）的基本因素，以及这些因素如何与手势经济/对称性原理相互作用，为进一步的跨语言研究和从发音到声学的建模提供了经验基础。
This study investigated articulatory differences in the realization of Kannada coronal consonants of the same place but different manner of articulation. This was done by examining tongue positions and acoustic formant transitions for dentals and retroflexes of three manners of articulation: stops, nasals, and laterals. Ultrasound imaging data collected from ten speakers of the language revealed that the tongue body/root was more forward for the nasal manner of articulation compared to stop and lateral consonants of the same place of articulation. The dental nasal and lateral were also produced with a higher front part of the tongue compared to the dental stop. As a result, the place contrast was greater in magnitude for the stops (being the prototypical dental vs retroflex) than for the nasals and laterals (being apparently alveolar vs retroflex). Acoustic formant transition differences were found to reflect some of the articulatory differences, while also providing evidence for the more dynamic articulation of nasal and lateral retroflexes. Overall, the results of the study shed light on factors underlying manner requirements (aerodynamic or physiological) and how the factors interact with principles of gestural economy/symmetry, providing an empirical baseline for further cross-language investigations and articulation-to-acoustics modeling.
