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Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020 Dec 18; 52(6): 1040–1047.
Published online 2020 Oct 19. Chinese. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.06.009
PMCID: PMC7745264

Language: Chinese | English

老年发病类风湿关节炎的临床特征及其心血管疾病危险因素分析:一项大样本横断面临床研究

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in patients with elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis: A large cross-sectional clinical study

陈 家丽

北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China

Find articles by 陈 家丽

金 月波

北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China

Find articles by 金 月波

王 一帆

北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China

Find articles by 王 一帆

张 晓盈

北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China

Find articles by 张 晓盈

李 静

北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China

Find articles by 李 静

姚 海红

北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China

Find articles by 姚 海红

何 菁

北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China

Find articles by 何 菁

李 春

北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China 北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China   Data are presented as n (%) or median ( P 25 , P 75 ). EORA, elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis; YORA, younger-onset rheumatoid arthritis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SJC, swollen joint counts; JTC, tender joint counts; DJC, deformity joint counts; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; DAS28-ESR, disease activity score-ESR; Anti-CCP antibody, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody; DMARDs, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug. Male235 (21.1)68 (32.1)167 (18.5)19.11< 0.001Age/years57 (48, 66)72 (68, 77)53 (45, 59)-19.84< 0.001Age of RA onset/years47 (37, 57)68 (63, 71)43 (34, 51)-22.69< 0.001Disease duration/years6 (2, 14)2 (1, 6)7 (2, 15)-10.31< 0.001SJCs3 (1, 9)4 (1, 10)3 (1, 9)-1.000.319TJCs5 (2, 14)7 (2, 18)5 (2, 13)-1.410.159DJCs5 (2, 12)6 (2, 12)3 (2, 7)-3.60< 0.001ESR/(mm/h)41 (22, 69)48 (25, 69)46 (25, 76)-0.420.673CRP/(mg/L)11.4 (2.6, 39.0)12.5 (2.3, 46.7)10.8 (2.6, 38.2)-0.090.927DAS28-ESR4.53 (3.54, 5.60)4.57 (3.70, 5.73)4.53 (3.51, 5.70)-0.300.550  ≤2.698 (8.8)16 (9.4)82 (9.1)0.500.481  >2.6, ≤3.297 (8.7)15 (7.1)82 (9.1)0.860.353  >3.2, ≤5.1512 (45.9)104 (47.2)408 (45.1)1.070.302  >5.1409 (36.6)77 (36.3)332 (36.7)0.010.912Rheumatoid factor (positive)799/929 (86.0)145/170 (85.3)654/759 (86.2)0.090.767Rheumatoid factor (positive)799/929 (86.0)145/170 (85.3)654/759 (86.2)0.090.767Anti-CCP antibody (positive)506/620 (81.6)86/107 (80.4)420/513 (81.9)0.130.716Extra-articular manifestations  Interstitial lung disease164 (14.7)50 (23.6)114 (12.6)16.50< 0.001  Pleural effusion13 (1.2)3 (1.4)10 (1.1)0.140.721  Pericardial effusion2 (0.2)1 (0.5)1 (0.1)1.250.344  Rheumatoid nodules69 (6.2)13 (6.1)56 (6.2)0.000.973  Cutaneous vasculitis8 (0.7)1 (0.5)7 (0.8)0.22>0.999  Anemia201 (18.0)34 (16.0)167 (18.5)0.690.406  Peri-neuropathy6 (0.5)1 (0.5)5 (0.6)0.02>0.999  Sjögren's syndrome133 (11.9)11 (5.2)122 (13.5)11.290.001Medications  Non-DMARDs316 (28.3)75 (35.4)241 (26.7)6.430.011  Methotrexate306 (27.4)45 (21.2)261 (28.9)5.040.025  Hydroxychloroquine349 (31.3)39 (18.4)310 (34.3)20.19< 0.001  Leflunomide433 (38.8)86 (40.6)347 (38.4)0.340.560  Sulfasalazine341 (30.6)49 (23.1)292 (32.3)6.830.009  Prednisone252 (22.6)50 (23.6)202 (22.3)0.150.698  Celecoxib28 (2.5)9 (4.2)19 (2.1)3.230.072  Biological agents128 (11.5)20 (9.4)108 (11.9)1.070.301

在关节外临床表现方面,EORA组肺间质病变比例高于YORA组(23.6% vs . 12.6%, χ 2 =16.50, P < 0.001),YORA组合并干燥综合征的比例高于EORA组(13.5% vs . 5.2%, χ 2 =11.29, P =0.001)。其他关节外临床表现,包括浆膜炎、皮肤血管炎、周围神经病变等,两组间差异无统计学意义( 表 1 )。

在疾病用药方面,EORA组不使用DMARDs的比例高于YORA组(35.4% vs . 26.7%, χ 2 =6.43, P =0.011),其中HCQ (18.4% vs . 34.3%, χ 2 =20.19, P < 0.001)、MTX (21.2% vs . 28.87%, χ 2 =5.04, P =0.025)及SSZ (23.1% vs . 32.3%, χ 2 =6.83, P =0.009)的使用率显著低于YORA组,其他种类的DMARDs、糖皮质激素和生物制剂的应用上,两组间差异无统计学意义( 表 1 )。

2.3. EORA患者CVD的临床特点

合并CVD的RA患者共164例(14.7%),其中EORA组59例,YORA组105例,两组CVD的患病率分别为27.8%和11.6%,差异有统计学意义( χ 2 =40.46, P < 0.001)。EORA组罹患冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、脑血管病及外周血管病的比例均显著高于YORA组,分别为17.9% vs . 7.6% ( χ 2 =20.21, P < 0.001)、12.7% vs . 5.4% ( χ 2 =13.90, P < 0.001)、16.5% vs . 5.8% ( χ 2 =27.65, P < 0.001),见 表 2

表 2

EORA和YORA患者CVD及传统危险因素患病率

The prevalence of CVD and traditional risk factors in patients with EORA and YORA

Items All patients ( n =1 116) EORA ( n =212) YORA ( n =904) Z / χ 2 P value
Data are presented as n (%) or median ( P 25 , P 75 ). CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; Other abbreviations as in Table 1 .
CVD 164 (14.7) 59 (27.8) 105 (11.6) 40.46 < 0.001
Coronary heart disease 107 (9.6) 38 (17.9) 69 (7.6) 20.21 < 0.001
Cerebral arterial disease 76 (6.8) 27 (12.7) 49 (5.4) 13.90 < 0.001
Peripheral arterial disease 87 (7.8) 35 (16.5) 52 (5.8) 27.65 < 0.001
BMI/(kg/m 2 ) 22.8 (20.3, 25.3) 22.6 (20.2, 24.7) 22.9 (20.4, 25.5) -0.77 0.440
BMI≥24 365/972 (37.6) 69/180 (38.3) 296/792 (37.4) 0.06 0.810
Smoking 180 (16.1) 50 (23.6) 130 (14.4) 10.75 < 0.001
Hypertension 294 (26.3) 95 (44.8) 199 (22.0) 45.86 < 0.001
Diabetes mellitus 136 (12.2) 47 (22.2) 89 (9.8) 24.31 < 0.001
Hyperlipidemia 72 (6.5) 23 (10.8) 49 (5.4) 8.03 0.005

在传统危险因素方面,EORA组吸烟(23.6% vs . 14.4%, χ 2 =10.76, P < 0.001)、高血压(44.8% vs . 22.0%, χ 2 =45.86, P < 0.001)、糖尿病(22.2% vs . 9.8%, χ 2 =24.31, P < 0.001)和高脂血症(10.8% vs . 5.4%, χ 2 =8.03, P =0.005)的比例明显高于YORA组,EORA组超重及肥胖(BMI≥24)患者的比例为38.3% (69/180),YORA组为37.4% (296/792),两组间差异无统计学意义( P >0.05, 表 2 )。

2.4. EORA疾病与CVD的关系

根据EORA患者是否合并CVD,将其分为CVD组(59例)和非CVD组(153例)。与非CVD组相比,CVD组的年龄和RF阳性率显著高于非CVD组[74 (70, 78) vs . 70 (67, 75), Z =-3.12, P =0.002; 28.6% vs . 9.1%, χ 2 =10.55, P =0.001]。此外,CVD组男性患者的比例、病程、畸形关节数、CRP及DAS28-ESR高于非CVD组,但两组间差异无统计学意义( 表 3 )。

表 3

EORA合并CVD与不合并CVD临床特征的差异

Clinical characteristics of EORA patients with or without CVD

Items CVD ( n =59) Without CVD ( n =153) Z / χ 2 P value
Data are presented as n (%) or median ( P 25 , P 75 ). Abbreviations as in Table 1 and Table 2 .
Male 22 (37.3) 46 (30.1) 1.02 0.313
Age/years 74 (70, 78) 70 (67, 75) -3.12 0.002
Disease duration/years 4 (1, 8) 2 (1, 5) -1.83 0.068
SJCs 3 (1, 8) 4 (1, 10) -0.50 0.620
TJCs 6 (2, 15) 6 (2, 17) -0.77 0.444
DJCs 28 (47.5) 51 (33.3) 3.63 0.057
ESR/(mm/h) 47 (30, 65) 43 (23, 71) -0.36 0.716
CRP/(mg/L) 10.4 (2.8, 37.7) 14.0 (1.8, 46.7) -0.77 0.442
DAS28-ESR 4.6 (3.7, 5.7) 4.5 (3.7, 5.8) -0.47 0.636
≤2.6 6 (8.5) 10 (6.5) 0.81 0.369
>2.6, ≤3.2 4 (6.8) 11 (7.2) 0.01 >0.999
>3.2, ≤5.1 29 (49.2) 75 (49.0) 0.00 0.986
>5.1 20 (33.9) 57 (37.3) 0.21 0.649
Rheumatoid factor (positive) 14/49 (28.6) 11/121 (9.1) 10.55 0.001
Anti-CCP antibody (positive) 10/30 (33.3) 13/79 (16.5) 3.72 0.054
Extra-articular manifestations
Interstitial lung disease 16 (27.1) 34 (22.2) 0.57 0.452
Pleural effusion 2 (3.4) 1 (0.6) 2.29 0.188
Pericardial effusion 1 (1.7) 0 (0) 2.606 0.278
Rheumatoid nodules 7 (11.9) 6 (3.9) 4.67 0.050
Cutaneous vasculitis 0 (0) 1 (0.6) 0.387 >0.999
Anemia 10 (16.9) 24 (15.7) 0.050 0.822
Peri-neuropathy 0 (0) 1 (0.6) 0.387 >0.999
Sjögren's syndrome 4 (6.8) 7 (4.6) 0.421 0.503
Medications
Non-DMARDs 16 (27.1) 59 (38.6) 2.44 0.118
Methotrexate 9 (15.3) 54 (35.3) 10.09 0.004
Hydroxychloroquine 4 (6.8) 35 (22.9) 7.35 0.007
Leflunomide 25 (42.4) 61 (39.9) 0.11 0.739
Sulfasalazine 9 (15.3) 40 (26.1) 2.84 0.092
Prednisone 18 (3.1) 32 (20.9) 2.17 0.140
Celecoxib 2 (3.3) 7 (4.6) 0.15 0.701
Biological agents 3 (5.1) 17 (11.1) 1.81 0.179

在关节外临床表现方面,CVD组类风湿结节的比例高于非CVD组(11.9% vs . 3.95, χ 2 =4.67, P =0.050)。在肺间质病变、胸膜炎、心包炎、贫血及合并干燥综合征方面,CVD组的比例高于非CVD组,但两组间差异无统计学意义(27.1% vs . 22.2%,3.4% vs . 0.6%,1.7% vs . 0,16.9% vs . 15.7%,6.8% vs . 4.6%, P 均>0.05, 表 3 )。

在治疗用药方面,CVD组患者MTX及HCQ的使用率显著低于非CVD组(15.3% vs . 35.3%, χ 2 =10.09, P =0.004;6.8% vs . 22.9%, χ 2 =7.35, P =0.007),其他种类的DMARDs、糖皮质激素及生物制剂的应用方面,两组间差异无统计学意义( 表 3 )。

2.5. RA合并CVD的传统危险因素分析

CVD组高血压及高脂血症的比例显著高于非CVD组(64.4% vs . 37.3%, χ 2 =12.69, P < 0.001;30.5% vs . 3.3%, χ 2 =31.93, P < 0.001)。此外,CVD组吸烟、超重及肥胖、糖尿病的比例均高于非CVD组(32.2% vs . 20.3%,39.4% vs . 35.8%,30.5% vs . 19.0%, 表 4 ),但两组间差异无统计学意义。

表 4

EORA合并CVD与不合并CVD在传统危险因素方面的差异

Traditional risk factors of EORA patients with or without CVD

Items CVD ( n =59) Without CVD ( n =153) Z / χ 2 P value
Data are presented as n (%) or median ( P 25 , P 75 ). Abbreviations as in Table 1 and Table 2 .
BMI (kg/m 2 ) 22.7 (19.9, 25.3) 22.6 (20.7, 24.6) -0.11 0.916
BMI < 24 34/53 (64.2) 77/127 (60.6) 0.196 0.658
24≤BMI≤28 18/53 (34.0) 44/127 (34.6) 0.008 0.930
BMI>28 1/53 (1.9) 6/127 (4.7) 0.806 0.675
Smoking 19 (32.2) 31 (20.3) 3.37 0.066
Hypertension 38 (64.4) 57 (37.3) 12.69 < 0.001
Diabetes mellitus 18 (30.5) 29 (19.0) 3.29 0.070
Hyperlipidemia 18 (30.5) 5 (3.3) 31.93 < 0.001

2.6. EORA合并CVD的危险因素分析

为了进一步研究EORA患者合并CVD的危险因素,将以上单因素分析中具有统计学差异的变量及临床上判断具有意义的变量纳入Logistic回归模型,分析结果显示,年龄( OR =1.10,95% CI :1.00~1.20)、畸形关节数( OR =3.17,95% CI :1.04~9.68)、类风湿结节( OR =3.56,95% CI :1.03~12.23)、高血压( OR =2.37,95% CI :1.09~5.13)、高脂血症( OR =8.85,95% CI :2.50~31.27)是EORA合并CVD的独立危险因素。HCQ( OR =0.22,95% CI :0.07~0.70)、MTX( OR =0.32,95% CI :0.14~0.73)的应用是EORA合并CVD的保护性因素( 表 5 )。

表 5

EORA合并CVD危险因素

Risk factors of CVD in patients with EORA

Risk factors OR (95% CI ) P value
Abbreviations as in Table 1 and Table 2 .
Male 0.73 (0.27, 1.97) 0.536
Age 1.10 (1.00, 1.20) 0.040
Disease duration 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) 0.819
SJCs 0.91 (0.24, 3.53) 0.894
TJCs 0.90 (0.20, 3.99) 0.889
DJCs 3.17 (1.04, 9.68) 0.043
ESR 1.92 (0.50, 7.39) 0.344
CRP 0.62 (0.21, 1.84) 0.386
Anti-CCP antibody 0.48 (0.14, 1.65) 0.243
DAS28-ESR
>2.6, ≤3.2 0.11 (0.01, 1.50) 0.098
>3.2, ≤5.1 0.59 (0.07, 4.92) 0.629
>5.1 0.67 (0.23, 1.98) 0.473
ILD 0.77 (0.38, 1.57) 0.464
Anemia 1.19 (0.48, 2.93) 0.712
Rheumatoid nodules 3.56 (1.03, 12.23) 0.044
Hydroxychloroquine 0.22 (0.07, 0.70) 0.011
Methotrexate 0.32 (0.14, 0.73) 0.007
Sulfasalazine 0.69 (0.28, 1.75) 0.440
Leflunomide 1.03 (0.46, 2.31) 0.949
Corticosteroid 1.09 (0.46, 2.59) 0.854
Celecoxib 0.66 (0.12, 3.55) 0.628
Biological 0.39 (0.10, 1.58) 0.188
24≤BMI < 28 3.41 (0.27, 42.55) 0.341
BMI≥28 3.42 (0.26, 44.26) 0.347
Smoking 1.66 (0.58, 4.80) 0.347
Hypertension 2.37 (1.09, 5.13) 0.029
Diabetes 0.94 (0.37, 2.40) 0.900
Hyperlipemia 8.85 (2.50, 31.27) 0.001

3. 讨论

本研究中EORA组男性患者的比例高于YORA组,与既往研究结果一致 [ 8 ] 。多项研究表明,EORA患者常起病急,病情活动度高 [ 1 , 8 - 9 ] 。本研究观察到EORA患者畸形关节数显著高于YORA组,可能与疾病活动度高或病情进展迅速有关,但比较两组的受累关节数(肿胀及压痛)、ESR、CRP及DAS28-ESR,EORA组虽高于YORA组,但差异无统计学意义。既往研究显示,EORA患者存在诊断不及时、治疗欠规范的问题,疾病常迅速进展 [ 10 - 11 ]

本研究观察到RA患者DMARDs的使用率低,且EORA患者中从未使用DMARDs药物的比例明显高于YORA组(35.4% vs . 26.7%)。由于本研究包含面对面问卷调查,药物使用数据可反映研究当时的真实情况,提示临床中RA的治疗用药欠规范。对比两组的用药差异,EORA组MTX的使用比例明显低于YORA组,可能与EORA组患者肺间质疾病发生率高有关,RA患者合并肺间质疾病时,临床上MTX不作为首选药物。

RA患者血清中RF阳性率为40%~80% [ 12 ] ,目前关于EORA患者RF阳性率的研究结果不一,部分研究认为EORA患者低于YORA,部分研究认为无差异 [ 8 ] 。抗CCP抗体阳性率的差异同样存在争议 [ 13 ] ,本研究显示,EORA患者RF和抗CCP抗体阳性率低于YORA,但差异无统计学意义。值得注意的是,5%的健康人血清中也可检测出低滴度的RF,血清中RF的阳性率随年龄而增高。有研究报道,80岁以上老年人RF阳性率可高达27%~33% [ 14 ] 。此外,有研究表明EORA患者发病时大关节受累的发生率高于YORA,足部关节受累低于YORA,腕及手关节两组间差异不明显 [ 8 ] 。因此,临床上若患者症状不典型,且血清中抗体阴性时,需要仔细鉴别诊断。

近些年来,越来越多的研究表明RA患者CVD的患病率高于普通人群,中国RA患者CVD患病率为12.7% [ 7 ] 。本研究中CVD患病率高于既往研究,高达24.2%,且EORA组CVD患病率显著高于YORA组。EORA组CVD传统危险因素所占的比例显著高于YORA,多因素回归分析亦证实年龄、高血压、高脂血症是CVD发病的危险因素。RA患者的高血压患病率同正常人群相当,中国与国外报道结果类似,但RA患者高血压漏诊率高、治疗不充分且合并糖皮质激素用药是高血压发生的独立危险因素 [ 15 ] 。RA患者出现血脂异常的比例可高达53.5%,主要表现为甘油三酯水平增高、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平降低。体内炎性活动引起脂质代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗、生成抗载脂蛋白抗体等,促进了动脉粥样硬化的发生及发展 [ 16 ] 。因此,传统危险因素在RA患者CVD的发生及发展过程中起着重要作用,积极筛查血压、血脂以及加强对其的控制,有助于预防CVD发生和改善RA患者预后。

免疫系统紊乱所致的异常炎症在动脉粥样硬化发展的各个阶段均发挥着促进作用,且对传统危险因素具有促进作用 [ 17 ] 。既往有研究比较了EORA和YORA的超声评分差异,在两组DAS28、临床的疾病活动指数(clinical disease activity index,CDAI)、简化的疾病活动指数(simplified disease activity index,SDAI)具有可比性的前提下,EORA组超声滑膜肥大/渗出及超声整体评分均显著高于YORA组 [ 11 ] ,提示EORA患者的体内炎性负荷高于YORA组。本研究观察到EORA组的畸形关节数显著高于YORA组,可能与EORA患者体内炎性活动所致关节破坏有关,但比较两组DAS及血清学炎性指标差异无统计学意义,尚需前瞻性队列研究以进一步证实。健康人群的流行病学调查研究显示,CRP水平与未来罹患心血管事件的风险相关 [ 2 ] ,其他炎性细胞因子,例如白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子等均是心血管事件发生的危险因素 [ 18 ] ,而采用以这些炎性因子为靶点的生物制剂(包括肿瘤坏死因子拮抗剂、白细胞介素6受体拮抗剂等)治疗后,患者心血管事件的发生率降低,其机制可能包括改善了RA病情及血脂紊乱 [ 19 ]

DMARDs药物作为RA的一线用药,在病情控制中发挥重要作用。本研究显示,HCQ、MTX是CVD的保护因素,除了通过控制病情、减轻体内异常炎症来降低心血管事件的风险外,可能包含其他机制 [ 19 ] 。HCQ治疗后,患者的总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平降低,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平不变 [ 20 ] 。此外,HCQ可通过改善RA患者的血糖紊乱来降低风险 [ 21 ] 。有研究显示,在RA患者发病1年内持续使用MTX治疗,可降低20%的CVD疾病风险,但随着病程延长,MTX累积剂量并不能显著降低CVD疾病风险 [ 22 ] 。在疾病早期积极治疗有利于迅速控制RA病情,达到无DMARDs药物临床缓解,而长期使用MTX后血清同型半胱氨酸水平升高将削弱MTX的CVD保护作用,潜在机制仍需进一步研究 [ 23 ] 。有研究报道,非甾体类抗炎药和糖皮质激素是RA合并CVD的独立危险因素 [ 24 ] 。本研究主要分析了选择性COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布,未证实塞来昔布是RA合并CVD的独立危险因素,此外,本研究未证实糖皮质激素是RA合并CVD的独立危险因素,可能与糖皮质激素可迅速抑制患者体内异常炎症,临床上往往是短期且小剂量应用有关。

本研究存在以下不足:(1)高血压、高血脂症等需要客观检查,本研究为横断面调查,而我国高血压及高脂血症的漏诊率较高,故本研究的患者可能存在漏诊的情况; (2)传统危险因素(包括家族史、饮酒等)在本研究中未体现; (3)本研究只关注了塞来昔布,对于其他非甾体类抗炎药物未做详细调查和分析,存在一定限制。因此,进一步的前瞻性对照队列研究有助于探讨EORA合并CVD的危险因素。

综上所述,EORA组男性患者和肺间质病变的比例高于YORA组患者。EORA更易出现关节畸形,可能与疾病活动及治疗欠规范有关。EORA更易合并CVD,高龄、高血压、高血脂症是CVD独立危险因素,HCQ、MTX是保护因素,临床上早期使用是否有助于预防RA患者发生CVD或改善患者预后,仍需前瞻性研究进一步证实。

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(81701598、81801618)和北京市自然科学基金(7192211)

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81701598, 81801618) and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7192211)

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