Narrative has been an important part of human communications because it is a device to communicate human experiences. In teaching narrative writing, comic strips have been proven effective in assisting students to narrate a logical story (e.g., Amelia, 2017; Nuzila, 2019; Setyaningsih & Santoso, 2018). Comic-strip-based narratives were frequently tested in Taiwan’s college entrance exam in the past decade. Ghouali and Benmoussat (2019) stated that intensive use of social media has brought about a sharp decrease in students’ writing abilities and even created some writing issues. Their observations resemble those of the present writer who works as a teacher specializing in writing. As a result, more and more students have difficulty narrating a logical story in their mother tongue, let alone in English. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how a comic-strip-based narrative is established so that they can have the fundamental knowledge to tell a logical story based on comic strips. This research applies Labov’s (1972) narrative model to analyze thirteen writing models published by Taiwan College Entrance Exam Center in 2017. Originally, the Labovian model was applied to investigate the African American vernacular fight narratives. In an attempt to study comic-strip-based narratives, the Labovian model has been adapted and enriched in this research. The most important contribution of the current study is to propose a new narrative element Bridge to deal with the transitions between images in comic strips. In this research, an adapted Labovian model for comic-strip-based narratives has been proposed, followed by the discussions concerning the interactions between these elements. These findings have implications for the teaching or learning of comic-strip-based narratives. Furthermore, the proposed framework has the potential to be extended and applied to other types of narratives.
論文審定書 i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
摘要 iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Motivation and Purpose 1
1.1.1 Motivation 1
1.1.2 Purpose 2
1.2 What is Narrative? 3
1.2.1 Narrative as a sequence of events 4
1.2.2 Narrative as a medium to reflect the inner world 5
1.3 What is a Comic Strip? 5
1.3.1 Elements in a comic strip 6
1.3.2 Comic strips and teaching narrative writing 7
1.4 Research Questions 8
1.5 Organization 10
CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 11
2.1 Narrative Inquiry 11
2.1.1 A brief introduction 11
2.1.2 Locating the Labovian model in narrative analysis 12
2.2 Labov’s (1972) Narrative Model 14
2.2.1 Abstract and orientation 16
2.2.2 Complicating actions 17
2.2.3 Resolution and coda 17
2.2.4 Evaluation 18
2.3 Labov’s Follow-up Studies in Narrative Inquiry 19
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 22
3.1 Research Data 22
3.1.1 CSBNs in GSAT 22
3.1.2 GSAT English writing exam of the year 2017 23
3.2 Approaches to Data Collection and Analysis 23
CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRELIMINARY FINDINGS 26
4.1 Neil Cohn’s (2013) Visual Narrative Structure 26
4.2 Opening: Starting a Comic-strip-based Narrative 28
4.2.1 Orientation: Starting a story with scenery or character illustration 30
4.2.2 Abstract: Exploring the theme 32
4.3 Closure: Ending a Comic-strip-based Narrative 34
4.3.1 Completion: Recounting what finally happened 34
4.3.2 Coda: Reflecting on the story 35
4.3.3 Using evaluative actions after coda 38
4.4 Body: From Complicating Actions to Activities, Sequences, and Bridges 39
4.4.1 Activity 40
4.4.2 Sequence 41
4.4.3 Bridge: transitions between panels 42
4.5 Interrupting Supplement and Additional Sequence 46
4.5.1 Introducing interrupting supplement 46
4.5.2 Long interrupting supplement 49
4.5.3 Additional sequence 51
4.6 Summary of Preliminary Analysis 52
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 54
5.1 Interactions between Macrolevel and Microlevel Openings and Closures 54
5.1.1 Interactions between openings 54
5.1.2 Interactions between closures 59
5.2 Defining Bridge 66
5.2.1 Introducing the overlapping rule 68
5.2.2 The absent bridges 69
5.2.3 The bridge between opening and sequence 1 71
5.3 Overview: Macrolevel and Microlevel Narrative Elements 73
5.4 The Modified Labovian Model 74
5.4.1 Adaptation of the Labovian model 74
5.4.2 The move structure of a CSBN 78
5.5 Answering Research Questions 80
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 83
6.1 Summary of the Present Research 83
6.2 Implications of the Modified Labovian Model for Other Narratives 83
6.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Studies 85
REFERENCE 87
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