在紧密耦合的复杂系统中，当两个或多个因素或事件以意想不到的方式相互作用时，高风险技术系统的灾难性故障很少发生，但很快发生。安全功能通常内置于复杂的系统中，以避免灾难，但通常是问题的一部分。当某些因素或事件相互作用时，人体可能会被视为复杂的紧密耦合系统，有发生罕见灾难性故障（突然意外死亡，SUD）的风险。哺乳动物的潜水反应（MDR）是人体的内置安全功能，通常在急性缺氧时可保存氧气。MDR的激活是在某些婴儿猝死综合症（SIDS），癫痫猝死（SUDEP）和水中猝死（SCDIW，致命溺水）的某些情况下通往心脏骤停（SCD）的最终途径。在所有这些死亡情况中，没有单一的原因，而是激活或与哺乳动物的潜水反射相互作用的一系列意外的，通常是未知的因素或事件。在任何特定情况下，相关的风险因素或事件可能包括遗传，发育，代谢，疾病，环境或操作影响的组合。在任何这些死亡场景中都不可能确定单个原因。这些看似不同的死亡场景之间的共同点是激活了哺乳动物的潜水响应。当“安全功能”被激活时，人体是一个紧密耦合的复杂系统，极有可能发生罕见的灾难性故障。相关的风险因素或事件可能包括遗传，发育，代谢，疾病，环境或操作影响的组合。在任何这些死亡场景中都不可能确定单个原因。这些看似不同的死亡场景之间的共同点是激活了哺乳动物的潜水响应。当激活“安全功能”时，人体是一个复杂的紧密耦合系统，有发生罕见灾难性故障的风险。相关的风险因素或事件可能包括遗传，发育，代谢，疾病，环境或操作影响的组合。在任何这些死亡场景中都不可能确定单个原因。这些看似不同的死亡场景之间的共同点是激活了哺乳动物的潜水响应。当激活“安全功能”时，人体是一个复杂的紧密耦合系统，有发生罕见灾难性故障的风险。
In tightly coupled complex systems, when two or more factors or events interact in unanticipated ways, catastrophic failures of high-risk technical systems happen rarely, but quickly. Safety features are commonly built into complex systems to avoid disasters but are often part of the problem. The human body may be considered as a complex tightly coupled system at risk of rare catastrophic failure (sudden unexpected death, SUD) when certain factors or events interact. The mammalian dive response (MDR) is a built-in safety feature of the body that normally conserves oxygen during acute hypoxia. Activation of the MDR is the final pathway to sudden cardiac (SCD) in some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), and sudden cardiac death in water (SCDIW, fatal drowning). There is no single cause in any of these death scenarios, but an array of, unanticipated, often unknown, factors or events that activate or interact with the mammalian dive reflex. In any particular case, the relevant risk factors or events might include a combination of genetic, developmental, metabolic, disease, environmental, or operational influences. Determination of a single cause in any of these death scenarios is unlikely. The common thread among these seemingly different death scenarios is activation of the mammalian dive response. The human body is a complex tightly coupled system at risk of rare catastrophic failure when that "safety feature" is activated.
