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aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="true" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content Mui-expanded" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">教程</div></div><style data-emotion="css 171pefp">.css-171pefp{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;fill:currentColor;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-transition:fill 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:fill 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 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class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-3" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/high-concurrency-best-practices"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">高并发写入场景最佳实践</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-4" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content Mui-expanded" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a aria-current="page" style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" class="" 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style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/massive-regions-best-practices"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">海量 Region 集群调优</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-7" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/three-nodes-hybrid-deployment"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">三节点混合部署最佳实践</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-8" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/three-dc-local-read"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">在三数据中心下就近读取数据</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-9" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/uuid"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">使用 UUID</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-4-10" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-snygwd"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/readonly-nodes"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">只读存储节点最佳实践</div></div></a></div></div></div></li></div></div></ul></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-5" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/configure-placement-rules"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Placement Rules 使用文档</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-6" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/configure-load-base-split"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Load Base Split 使用文档</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-7" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/configure-store-limit"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">Store Limit 使用文档</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-8" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/ddl-introduction"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">DDL 执行原理及最佳实践</div></div></a></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-11-9" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-kb2j4b"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/pd-microservices"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">PD 微服务使用文档</div></div></a></div></div></div></li></div></div></ul></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-12" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">TiDB 工具</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-13" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">参考指南</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-14" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">常见问题解答 (FAQ)</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-15" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">版本发布历史</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" id="left-nav-treeview-0-16" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><a style="text-decoration:none;width:100%;color:inherit" href="/zh/tidb/stable/glossary"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">术语表</div></div></a></div></div></div></li></ul></div></aside><style data-emotion="css sb2sd0">.css-sb2sd0{width:100%;}@media (min-width:1200px){.css-sb2sd0{max-width:calc(100% - 18.75rem);}}</style><main class="MuiBox-root css-sb2sd0"><style data-emotion="css 1rnnmjb">.css-1rnnmjb{max-width:1340px;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;}</style><div class="MuiBox-root css-1rnnmjb"><style data-emotion="css 90fn5w">.css-90fn5w{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (min-width:0px){.css-90fn5w{-webkit-flex-direction:column-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:column-reverse;flex-direction:column-reverse;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-90fn5w{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}</style><div class="css-90fn5w"><style data-emotion="css vofosd">.css-vofosd{padding:1.5rem 0;}@media (min-width:0px){.css-vofosd{width:100%;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-vofosd{width:calc(100% - 17.5rem);}}</style><div class="MuiBox-root css-vofosd"><style data-emotion="css 1ekb41w">.css-1ekb41w{width:100%;margin-left:auto;box-sizing:border-box;margin-right:auto;display:block;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-1ekb41w{padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px;}}@media (min-width:1536px){.css-1ekb41w{max-width:1536px;}}</style><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-maxWidthXl doc-content css-1ekb41w"><div class="markdown-body MuiBox-root css-0"><h1 id="使用-grafana-监控-tidb-的最佳实践" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8-grafana-%E7%9B%91%E6%8E%A7-tidb-%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5" aria-label="使用 grafana 监控 tidb 的最佳实践 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>使用 Grafana 监控 TiDB 的最佳实践</h1><p><a href="/zh/tidb/stable/production-deployment-using-tiup">使用 TiUP 部署 TiDB 集群</a>时，如果在拓扑配置中添加了 Grafana 和 Prometheus，会部署一套 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/tidb-monitoring-framework">Grafana + Prometheus 的监控平台</a>，用于收集和展示 TiDB 集群各个组件和机器的 metric 信息。本文主要介绍使用 TiDB 监控的最佳实践，旨在帮助 TiDB 用户高效利用丰富的 metric 信息来分析 TiDB 的集群状态或进行故障诊断。</p><h2 id="监控架构" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E7%9B%91%E6%8E%A7%E6%9E%B6%E6%9E%84" aria-label="监控架构 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>监控架构</h2><p>Prometheus 是一个拥有多维度数据模型和灵活查询语句的时序数据库。Grafana 是一个开源的 metric 分析及可视化系统。</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/prometheus-in-tidb.png" alt="TiDB 监控整体架构"/></p><p>从 TiDB 2.1.3 版本开始，监控可以支持 pull，这是一个非常好的调整，它有以下几个优点：</p><ul><li>如果 Prometheus 需要迁移，无需重启整个 TiDB 集群。调整前，因为组件要调整 push 的目标地址，迁移 Prometheus 需要重启整个集群。</li><li>支持部署 2 套独立的 Grafana + Prometheus 的监控平台（非 HA），防止监控的单点。</li><li>去掉了 Pushgateway 这个单点组件。</li></ul><h2 id="监控数据的来源与展示" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E7%9B%91%E6%8E%A7%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E4%B8%8E%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA" aria-label="监控数据的来源与展示 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>监控数据的来源与展示</h2><p>TiDB 的 3 个核心组件（TiDB server、TiKV server 和 PD server）可以通过 HTTP 接口来获取 metric 数据。这些 metric 均是从程序代码中上传的，默认端口如下：</p><table><thead><tr><th align="left">组件</th><th align="left">端口</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">TiDB server</td><td align="left">10080</td></tr><tr><td align="left">TiKV server</td><td align="left">20181</td></tr><tr><td align="left">PD server</td><td align="left">2379</td></tr></tbody></table><p>下面以 TiDB server 为例，展示如何通过 HTTP 接口查看一个语句的 QPS 数据：</p><pre><code class="hljs language-bash"><style data-emotion="css 1qhimia">.css-1qhimia{margin-right:3rem;overflow:auto;}</style><div class="MuiBox-root css-1qhimia">curl http://__tidb_ip__:10080/metrics |grep tidb_executor_statement_total </div><style data-emotion="css ux9q70">.css-ux9q70{text-align:center;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;font-size:1.5rem;padding:8px;border-radius:50%;overflow:visible;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54);-webkit-transition:background-color 150ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 150ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;padding:5px;font-size:1.125rem;top:0.625rem;right:2.4rem;background:transparent;border:unset;}.css-ux9q70:hover{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ux9q70:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ux9q70.Mui-disabled{background-color:transparent;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}</style><style data-emotion="css 1rmx1rm">.css-1rmx1rm{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;outline:0;border:0;margin:0;border-radius:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;vertical-align:middle;-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;text-align:center;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;font-size:1.5rem;padding:8px;border-radius:50%;overflow:visible;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54);-webkit-transition:background-color 150ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 150ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;padding:5px;font-size:1.125rem;top:0.625rem;right:2.4rem;background:transparent;border:unset;}.css-1rmx1rm::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-1rmx1rm.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-1rmx1rm{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-1rmx1rm:hover{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-1rmx1rm:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-1rmx1rm.Mui-disabled{background-color:transparent;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiIconButton-root MuiIconButton-sizeSmall css-1rmx1rm" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Toggle code wrap"><style data-emotion="css 1cw4hi4">.css-1cw4hi4{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;fill:currentColor;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-transition:fill 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:fill 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;font-size:inherit;}</style><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeInherit css-1cw4hi4" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="WrapTextIcon"><path d="M4 19h6v-2H4v2zM20 5H4v2h16V5zm-3 6H4v2h13.25c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2H15v-2l-3 3 3 3v-2h2c2.21 0 4-1.79 4-4s-1.79-4-4-4z"/></svg></button><style data-emotion="css 1e2dcm1">.css-1e2dcm1{z-index:1500;pointer-events:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css okvapm">.css-okvapm{z-index:1500;pointer-events:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css rnn29l">.css-rnn29l{text-align:center;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;font-size:1.5rem;padding:8px;border-radius:50%;overflow:visible;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54);-webkit-transition:background-color 150ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 150ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;padding:5px;font-size:1.125rem;top:0.625rem;right:0.625rem;background:transparent;border:unset;}.css-rnn29l:hover{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-rnn29l:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-rnn29l.Mui-disabled{background-color:transparent;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}</style><style data-emotion="css fxo539">.css-fxo539{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;outline:0;border:0;margin:0;border-radius:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;vertical-align:middle;-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;text-align:center;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;font-size:1.5rem;padding:8px;border-radius:50%;overflow:visible;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54);-webkit-transition:background-color 150ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 150ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;padding:5px;font-size:1.125rem;top:0.625rem;right:0.625rem;background:transparent;border:unset;}.css-fxo539::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-fxo539.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-fxo539{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-fxo539:hover{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-fxo539:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-fxo539.Mui-disabled{background-color:transparent;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiIconButton-root MuiIconButton-sizeSmall css-fxo539" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="copy"><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeInherit css-1cw4hi4" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ContentCopyIcon"><path d="M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z"/></svg></button></code></pre><pre><code class="hljs language-plaintext"><div class="MuiBox-root css-1qhimia"># 可以看到实时 QPS 数据，并根据不同 type 对 SQL 语句进行了区分，value 是 counter 类型的累计值（科学计数法）。 tidb_executor_statement_total{type="Delete"} 520197 tidb_executor_statement_total{type="Explain"} 1 tidb_executor_statement_total{type="Insert"} 7.20799402e+08 tidb_executor_statement_total{type="Select"} 2.64983586e+08 tidb_executor_statement_total{type="Set"} 2.399075e+06 tidb_executor_statement_total{type="Show"} 500531 tidb_executor_statement_total{type="Use"} 466016 </div><button class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiIconButton-root MuiIconButton-sizeSmall css-1rmx1rm" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeInherit css-1cw4hi4" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="WrapTextIcon"><path d="M4 19h6v-2H4v2zM20 5H4v2h16V5zm-3 6H4v2h13.25c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2H15v-2l-3 3 3 3v-2h2c2.21 0 4-1.79 4-4s-1.79-4-4-4z"/></svg></button><button class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiIconButton-root MuiIconButton-sizeSmall css-fxo539" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="copy"><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeInherit css-1cw4hi4" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ContentCopyIcon"><path d="M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z"/></svg></button></code></pre><p>这些数据会存储在 Prometheus 中，然后在 Grafana 上进行展示。在面板上点击鼠标右键会出现 <strong>Edit</strong> 按钮（或直接按 <kbd>E</kbd> 键），如下图所示：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/metric-board-edit-entry.png" alt="Metrics 面板的编辑入口"/></p><p>点击 <strong>Edit</strong> 按钮之后，在 Metrics 面板上可以看到利用该 metric 的 query 表达式。面板上一些细节的含义如下：</p><ul><li><code>rate[1m]</code>：表示 1 分钟的增长速率，只能用于 counter 类型的数据。</li><li><code>sum</code>：表示 value 求和。</li><li><code>by type</code>：表示将求和后的数据按 metric 原始值中的 type 进行分组。</li><li><code>Legend format</code>：表示指标名称的格式。</li><li><code>Resolution</code>：默认打点步长是 15s，Resolution 表示是否将多个样本数据合并成一个点。</li></ul><p>Metrics 面板中的表达式如下：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/metric-board-expression.jpeg" alt="Metric 面板中的表达式"/></p><p>Prometheus 支持很多表达式与函数，更多表达式请参考 <a href="https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade">Prometheus 官网页面</a>。</p><h2 id="grafana-使用技巧" style="position:relative"><a href="#grafana-%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7" aria-label="grafana 使用技巧 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>Grafana 使用技巧</h2><p>本小节介绍高效利用 Grafana 监控分析 TiDB 指标的七个技巧。</p><h3 id="技巧-1查看所有维度并编辑表达式" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7-1%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%B9%B6%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F" aria-label="技巧 1查看所有维度并编辑表达式 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>技巧 1：查看所有维度并编辑表达式</h3><p>在<a href="#%E7%9B%91%E6%8E%A7%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E4%B8%8E%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA">监控数据的来源与展示</a>一节的示例中，数据是按照 type 进行分组的。如果你想知道是否还能按其它维度分组，并快速查看还有哪些维度，可采用以下技巧：<strong>在 query 的表达式上只保留指标名称，不做任何计算，<code>Legend format</code> 也留空</strong>。这样就能显示出原始的 metric 数据。比如，下图能看到有 3 个维度（<code>instance</code>、<code>job</code> 和 <code>type</code>）：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/edit-expression-check-dimensions.jpg" alt="编辑表达式并查看所有维度"/></p><p>然后调整表达式，在原有的 <code>type</code> 后面加上 <code>instance</code> 这个维度，在 <code>Legend format</code> 处增加 <code>{{instance}}</code>，就可以看到每个 TiDB server 上执行的不同类型 SQL 语句的 QPS 了。如下图所示：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/add-instance-dimension.jpeg" alt="给表达式增加一个 instance 维度"/></p><h3 id="技巧-2调整-y-轴标尺的计算方式" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7-2%E8%B0%83%E6%95%B4-y-%E8%BD%B4%E6%A0%87%E5%B0%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" aria-label="技巧 2调整 y 轴标尺的计算方式 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>技巧 2：调整 Y 轴标尺的计算方式</h3><p>以 Query Duration 指标为例，默认的比例尺采用 2 的对数计算，显示上会将差距缩小。为了观察到明显的变化，可以将比例尺改为线性，从下面两张图中可以看到显示上的区别，明显发现那个时刻有个 SQL 语句运行较慢。</p><p>当然也不是所有场景都适合用线性，比如观察 1 个月的性能趋势，用线性可能就会有很多噪点，不好观察。</p><p>标尺默认的比例尺为 2 的对数：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/default-axes-scale.jpg" alt="标尺默认的比例尺为 2 的对数"/></p><p>将标尺的比例尺调整为线性：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/axes-scale-linear.jpg" alt="调整标尺的比例尺为线性"/></p><style data-emotion="css 1weqspv">.css-1weqspv{padding-top:0.5rem;padding-bottom:0.5rem;}.css-1weqspv .MuiAlert-message p{margin-bottom:0px;margin-top:0px;}</style><div class="MuiBox-root css-1weqspv"><style data-emotion="css rt4wgs">.css-rt4wgs{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.25rem;font-family:"Helvetica Neue","sans-serif";font-weight:400;font-style:normal;color:rgb(30, 70, 32);background-color:rgb(237, 247, 237);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:6px 16px;}.css-rt4wgs .MuiAlert-icon{color:#4caf50;}</style><style data-emotion="css 6wf0eq">.css-6wf0eq{background-color:#fff;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);-webkit-transition:box-shadow 300ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:box-shadow 300ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:none;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.25rem;font-family:"Helvetica Neue","sans-serif";font-weight:400;font-style:normal;color:rgb(30, 70, 32);background-color:rgb(237, 247, 237);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:6px 16px;}.css-6wf0eq .MuiAlert-icon{color:#4caf50;}</style><div class="MuiPaper-root MuiPaper-elevation MuiPaper-rounded MuiPaper-elevation0 MuiAlert-root MuiAlert-standardSuccess MuiAlert-standard css-6wf0eq" role="alert"><style data-emotion="css 1l54tgj">.css-1l54tgj{margin-right:12px;padding:7px 0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:22px;opacity:0.9;}</style><div class="MuiAlert-icon css-1l54tgj"><style data-emotion="css vubbuv">.css-vubbuv{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;fill:currentColor;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-transition:fill 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:fill 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;font-size:1.5rem;}</style><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium css-vubbuv" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="AttachmentIcon"><path d="M2 12.5C2 9.46 4.46 7 7.5 7H18c2.21 0 4 1.79 4 4s-1.79 4-4 4H9.5C8.12 15 7 13.88 7 12.5S8.12 10 9.5 10H17v2H9.41c-.55 0-.55 1 0 1H18c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2H7.5C5.57 9 4 10.57 4 12.5S5.57 16 7.5 16H17v2H7.5C4.46 18 2 15.54 2 12.5z"/></svg></div><style data-emotion="css 1xsto0d">.css-1xsto0d{padding:8px 0;min-width:0;overflow:auto;}</style><div class="MuiAlert-message css-1xsto0d"><style data-emotion="css 1h2y6o4">.css-1h2y6o4{font-weight:500;margin-top:-2px;}</style><style data-emotion="css 17ioyuk">.css-17ioyuk{margin:0;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5rem;font-family:"Helvetica Neue","sans-serif";font-weight:400;font-style:normal;color:#666666;margin-bottom:0.35em;font-weight:500;margin-top:-2px;}</style><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom MuiAlertTitle-root css-17ioyuk">小贴士</div><p>结合技巧 1，会发现这里还有一个 <code>sql_type</code> 的维度，可以立刻分析出是 <code>SELECT</code> 慢还是 <code>UPDATE</code> 慢；并且可以分析出是哪个 instance 上的语句慢。</p></div></div></div><h3 id="技巧-3调整-y-轴基线放大变化" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7-3%E8%B0%83%E6%95%B4-y-%E8%BD%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%BA%BF%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" aria-label="技巧 3调整 y 轴基线放大变化 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>技巧 3：调整 Y 轴基线，放大变化</h3><p>有时已经用了线性比例尺，却还是看不出变化趋势。比如下图中，在扩容后想观察 <code>Store size</code> 的实时变化效果，但由于基数较大，观察不到微弱的变化。这时可以将 Y 轴最小值从 <code>0</code> 改为 <code>auto</code>，将上部放大。观察下面两张图的区别，可以看出数据已开始迁移了。</p><p>基线默认为 <code>0</code>：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/default-y-min.jpeg" alt="基线默认为 0"/></p><p>将基线调整为 <code>auto</code>：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/y-min-auto.jpg" alt="调整基线为 auto"/></p><h3 id="技巧-4标尺联动" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7-4%E6%A0%87%E5%B0%BA%E8%81%94%E5%8A%A8" aria-label="技巧 4标尺联动 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>技巧 4：标尺联动</h3><p>在 <strong>Settings</strong> 面板中，有一个 <strong>Graph Tooltip</strong> 设置项，默认使用 <strong>Default</strong>。</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/graph-tooltip.jpeg" alt="图形展示工具"/></p><p>下面将图形展示工具分别调整为 <strong>Shared crosshair</strong> 和 <strong>Shared Tooltip</strong> 看看效果。可以看到标尺能联动展示了，方便排查问题时确认 2 个指标的关联性。</p><p>将图形展示工具调整为 <strong>Shared crosshair</strong>：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/graph-tooltip-shared-crosshair.jpeg" alt="调整图形展示工具为 Shared crosshair"/></p><p>将图形展示工具调整为 <strong>Shared Tooltip</strong>：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/graph-tooltip-shared-tooltip.jpg" alt="调整图形展示工具为 Shared Tooltip"/></p><h3 id="技巧-5手动输入-ip端口号-查看历史信息" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7-5%E6%89%8B%E5%8A%A8%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5-ip%E7%AB%AF%E5%8F%A3%E5%8F%B7-%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" aria-label="技巧 5手动输入 ip端口号查看历史信息 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>技巧 5：手动输入 <code>ip:端口号</code> 查看历史信息</h3><p>PD 的 dashboard 只展示当前 leader 的 metric 信息，而有时想看历史上 PD leader 当时的状况，但是 <code>instance</code> 下拉列表中已不存在这个成员了。此时，可以手动输入 <code>ip:2379</code> 来查看当时的数据。</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/manually-input-check-metric.jpeg" alt="查看历史 metric 信息"/></p><h3 id="技巧-6巧用-avg-函数" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7-6%E5%B7%A7%E7%94%A8-avg-%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" aria-label="技巧 6巧用 avg 函数 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>技巧 6：巧用 <code>Avg</code> 函数</h3><p>通常默认图例中只有 <code>Max</code> 和 <code>Current</code> 函数。当指标波动较大时，可以增加 <code>Avg</code> 等其它汇总函数的图例，来看一段时间的整体趋势。</p><p>增加 <code>Avg</code> 等汇总函数：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/add-avg-function.jpeg" alt="增加 Avg 等汇总函数"/></p><p>然后查看整体趋势：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/add-avg-function-check-trend.jpg" alt="增加 Avg 函数查看整体趋势"/></p><h3 id="技巧-7使用-prometheus-的-api-接口获得表达式的结果" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7-7%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8-prometheus-%E7%9A%84-api-%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C" aria-label="技巧 7使用 prometheus 的 api 接口获得表达式的结果 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>技巧 7：使用 Prometheus 的 API 接口获得表达式的结果</h3><p>Grafana 通过 Prometheus 的接口获取数据，你也可以用该接口来获取数据，这个用法还可以衍生出许多功能：</p><ul><li>自动获取集群规模、状态等信息。</li><li>对表达式稍加改动给报表提供数据，如统计每天的 QPS 总量、每天的 QPS 峰值和每天的响应时间。</li><li>将重要的指标进行定期健康巡检。</li></ul><p>Prometheus 的 API 接口如下：</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/prometheus-api-interface.jpg" alt="Prometheus 的 API 接口"/></p><pre><code class="hljs language-bash"><div class="MuiBox-root css-1qhimia">curl -u user:pass <span class="hljs-string">'http://__grafana_ip__:3000/api/datasources/proxy/1/api/v1/query_range?query=sum(tikv_engine_size_bytes%7Binstancexxxxxxxxx20181%22%7D)%20by%20(instance)&amp;start=1565879269&amp;end=1565882869&amp;step=30'</span> |python -m json.tool "data": { "result": [ "metric": { "instance": "xxxxxxxxxx:20181" "values": [ 1565879269, "1006046235280" 1565879299, "1006057877794" 1565879329, "1006021550039" 1565879359, "1006021550039" 1565882869, "1006132630123"