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关于亚原子结构的第一个线索是在19世纪末约瑟夫·约翰·汤姆森(J. J. Thomson)用阴极射线管发现了电子。该设备由一个密封的玻璃管组成,该玻璃管几乎除去了所有空气,并装有两个金属电极。当在电极之间施加高压时,在它们之间会出现称为阴极射线的可见光束。该束偏向正电荷而远离负电荷,并且当电极使用不同的金属时,以相同的方式产生具有相同特性的束。在类似的实验中,射线同时被施加的磁场偏转。偏转程度和磁场强度的测量使汤姆森能够计算出阴极射线粒子的荷质比。这些测量的结果表明,这些粒子比原子轻得多。根据他的观察,汤姆森提出了以下建议: p>
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