ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast)，中文名称为广播式自动相关监视，是一种基于全球卫星定位系统和利用空地、空空数据链实现交通监控和信息传递的空管监视新技术。

ADS-B（Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast 广播式自动相关监视），是指无须人工操作或者询问，可以自动（1秒1次）从相关机载设备获取参数并向其他飞机或地面站报告飞机的位置、高度、速度、航向、识别号等信息，从而使管制员对飞机状态进行监控。

按照飞机广播信息传递方向划分，ADS-B可划分为发送（ADS-BOUT）和接收（ADS-BIN）两类。

ADS-BOUT是指机载ADS-B发射机以一定的周期向其他飞机或者地面空中交通管制员发送飞机的位置信息和其他附加信息。ADS-BIN是指飞机ADS-B接收机接收来自其他飞机ADS-B发射机发送的OUT信息或ADS-B地面站设备发送的信息。通俗地讲，ADS-BOUT好比飞机的嘴巴，飞机通过它不停地说出自己的位置等信息；ADS-BIN好比飞机的耳朵，把别的飞机送来的信息接收进来。

飞机上安装的ADS-B设备使用GPS确定其位置，再通过一台发射机以快速的时间间隔向外发射自己的位置、身份、高度、速度等数据。专门的ADS-B地面站，能够接收到发射的数据并转发给空中交通管制员以准确跟踪该飞机。

ADS-B数据通过1090MHz的频率以数字信息链以每半秒一次的频率发射，但同雷达类似，它受“视线”的限制。地面站接收信号的性能取决于高度、离地面站的距离和阻隔信号的地形情况，其监视范围取决于地面站的数量以及分布情况。

与雷达监视系统相比，ADS-B数据更新速度快，数据精度高，传输的信息丰富，安装和使用成本远低于雷达监视系统。

按照ADS-B系统定义，ADS-B系统是由信息源、信息传输通道、信息处理与显示三部分组成的。简单地说，它是一个集通信与监视于一体的信息系统。ADS-B信息源主要包括飞机的四维位置信息（也就是经度、纬度、高度、时间）和附加信息（冲突告警信息，航线拐点等信息）以及飞机的识别信息与类别信息。这些信息可以通过全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）等航空电子设备得到。

ADS-B的信息传输通道是指以ADS-B报文形式，通过空—空、空—地数据链广播式传播。数据链路是ADS-B的重要组成部分，目前ADS-B可选的数据技术有3种：模式4VDL（甚高频数据链），在欧洲较流行，不足是甚高频频段资源紧张；UAT（通用访问收发机数据链），在美国较流行，多用于通用航空飞机，不足是和DME（测量飞机与导航台距离的导航设备）互相干扰严重；1090ES（扩展电文数据链，是基于S模式应答机的一种技术），国际民航组织推荐采用。这是我国目前采用的模式，实现选择性询问、双向数据通信。

ADS-B的信息处理与显示主要包括位置信息和其他附加信息的提取、处理及有效算法，并且形成清晰、直观的背景地图和航迹等，最后将画面实时地提供给用户。

星基ADS-B

ADS-B的优势/Benefits

With ADS-B, pilots in equipped aircraft now have access to services that provide a new level of safety and efficiency.

Operators equipped with ADS-B Out will enjoy more efficient spacing and optimal routing in non-radar environments, including the busy airspace in the Gulf of Mexico, mountainous regions of Colorado and the lower altitudes of Alaska.

Aircraft equipped with ADS-B out enhance the Air Traffic Controller's awareness of aircraft in the airspace. Radars can take anywhere from 5 to 12 seconds to update an aircraft's position, but ADS-B equipment provides air traffic control (ATC) with updated aircraft information almost every second. This enables controllers to identify and resolve potentially hazardous situations quickly and effectively. Because of FAA's requirements for ADS-B service, in many areas of the U.S., coverage exists at lower altitudes than current ATC radars.

Improved Safety

ADS-B In gives pilots access to Traffic Information Service–Broadcast (TIS-B), which provides altitude, ground track, speed and distance of aircraft flying in radar contact with controllers, and within a 15-nautical mile radius, up to 3,500 feet above or below the receiving aircraft's position. All of this greatly enhances pilot safety.

Aircraft equipped with a Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) ADS-B In receiver also have access to Flight Information Service–Broadcast (FIS-B), which broadcasts graphical weather to the cockpit as well as text-based advisories, including Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) and significant weather activity.

Situational Awareness

Pilots of ADS-B In-equipped aircraft can see the location of surrounding aircraft on their cockpit displays. Pilots with a UAT receiver can also see graphical weather on their cockpit displays. This information is similar to what air traffic controllers see, creating an environment of shared situational awareness and crucial see-and-avoid capability. ADS-B Out information can be broadcast on two frequencies, 1090 MHz and 978 MHz. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Rebroadcast (ADS-R) rebroadcasts data from one frequency to the other, providing aircraft operating on both ADS-B links the ability to see each other on their traffic displays.

The FAA FIS-B service (available on UAT ADS-B In) also transmits notices of important flight information, such as temporary flight restrictions (TFRs) or closed runways. Cockpit displays capable of supporting ADS-B In can often also support terrain maps, to help pilots avoid terrain in low-visibility situations.

These ADS-B pilot advisory services are provided at no cost to the user.

Search and Rescue

The highly precise GPS-based surveillance provided by ADS-B also improves the ability to perform life-saving search and rescue missions. Air traffic controllers tracking aircraft with ADS-B Out have more accurate information about last reported positions, helping to take the "search" out of search and rescue. The smaller footprint of ADS-B ground radios enables their placement in areas where a radar site would be unfeasible, such as mountainous terrain. Air traffic controllers have better information about an airplane's last position, thereby reducing the critical window of time involved in a search and rescue operation.

Ins and Outs

ADS-B stands for Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast:

• Automatic because it periodically transmits information with no pilot or operator involvement required.
• Dependent because the position and velocity vectors are derived from the Global Positioning System (GPS) or other suitable Navigation Systems (i.e., FMS).
• Surveillance because it provides a method of determining 3 dimensional position and identification of aircraft, vehicles, or other assets.
• Broadcast because it transmits the information available to anyone with the appropriate receiving equipment.

ADS-B replaces radar technology with satellites, bringing major advantages. Radar relies on radio signals and antennas to determine an aircraft's location. ADS-B uses satellite signals to track aircraft movements.

ADS-B Out

ADS-B Out works by broadcasting information about an aircraft's GPS location, altitude, ground speed and other data to ground stations and other aircraft, once per second. Air traffic controllers and properly equipped aircraft can immediately receive this information. This offers more precise tracking of aircraft compared to radar technology, which sweeps for position information every 5 to 12 seconds.

Radio waves are limited to line of site meaning radar signals cannot travel long distances or penetrate mountains and other solid objects. ADS-B ground stations are smaller and more adaptable than radar towers and can be placed in locations not possible with radar. With ground stations in place throughout the country, even in hard to reach areas, ADS-B provides better visibility regardless of the terrain or other obstacles.

Aircraft operating in most controlled U.S. airspace must be equipped with ADS-B Out.

ADS-B In

ADS-B In provides operators of properly equipped aircraft with weather and traffic position information delivered directly to the cockpit. ADS-B In-equipped aircraft have access to the graphical weather displays in the cockpit as well as text-based advisories, including Notices to Airmen and significant weather activity.

The FAA provides three forms of ADS-B In Services (Ref. AIM Chapter 4, Section 5).

Traffic Information Services – Broadcast (TIS-B)

TIS-B is a client-based service that provides ADS-B Out/In equipped aircraft with surveillance information about aircraft that are not ADS-B equipped. To qualify as a TIS-B target, an aircraft must be equipped with a transponder, and be within radar coverage.

Automatic Dependent Surveillance ‐ Rebroadcast (ADS-R)

ADS-R is a client-based service that relays ADS-B information transmitted by an aircraft broadcasting on one link to aircraft equipped with ADS-B In on the other link. For example, the information for an aircraft equipped with a 1090MHz ADS-B Out system will be re-broadcasted to an aircraft equipped with ADS-B In on the UAT (i.e. 978MHz) frequency, and vice versa.

Flight Information Services – Broadcast (FIS-B)

FIS-B provides the meteorological and aeronautical data to the cockpit. This service is not a client-based service, but rather is always broadcast into the airspace on the UAT frequency. This information is not broadcast on the 1090MHz frequency.

Some of the currently available FIS-B products are:

• Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET)
• Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET)
• Convective SIGMET
• METAR
• CONUS NEXRAD
• Regional NEXTRAD
• NOTAM
• PIREP
• Special Use Airspace (SUA) Status
• Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)
• Winds & Temperatures Aloft
• TIS-B Service Status

How do I receive ADS-B In Traffic Services and what do I see today?

Aircraft equipped with an ADS-B In only receiver are capable of receiving weather and proximate traffic. The most reliable traffic information that would be received is air-to-air via ADS-B. If an aircraft is not ADS-B Out equipped, the ADS-B ground stations will not identify the aircraft as a TIS-B/ADS-R client. If flying near a "client" aircraft, an aircraft without ADS-B Out may be able to receive the ADS-B traffic information specifically generated for the "client" aircraft.

In order to be considered a TIS-B/ADS-R "client" by the ADS-B ground stations, an aircraft must meet the following criteria:

1. Be in a region where ADS-R or TIS-B are offered
2. Be ADS-B Out equipped and have produced valid position data within the last 30 seconds
3. Be ADS-B In on only one link

However, as of January 4, 2016, the following additional criteria must be satisfied in order to be considered a TIS-B/ADS-R "client" by the ADS-B ground stations: Broadcast ADS-B with NACp>4, NACv>0, SDA>0, SIL>0, and NIC>4.

It is important to note that aircraft with dual link ADS-B-In capability (i.e. 1090MHz and 978MHz) are not provided with ADS-R services. This is because the aircraft is already capable of receiving ADS-B messages from both links directly via air-to-air. In this case, only TIS-B traffic services will be provided. Once the above criteria have been met, the ground system will identify the aircraft as a TIS-B/ADS-R "client" and using the client's ADS-B Out position information it creates a "hockey puck" around the aircraft. The "hockey puck" is 30 nm in diameter and +/- 3,500 ft.

Any "not-on-the-same ADS-B Link" aircraft that falls within the "hockey puck" will be transmitted via ADS-R on the appropriate ADS-B In link to the "client" aircraft. Similarly, any non-ADS-B Out Transponder equipped aircraft within the "client" aircrafts hockeypuck will be transmitted via TIS-B on the appropriate ADS-B In link.

The information that is received both air-to-air and ground-to-air by the ADS-B In receiver is for situational awareness use only.

Don't Overlook the Multiple Safety Benefits of ADS-B In

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