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Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao.
2020 Jan 20; 40(1): 131–136.
Language:
Chinese
|
English
持续性姿势-知觉性头晕患者睡眠障碍与认知功能障碍
Sleep disturbance and cognitive dysfunction in patients with persistent postural and perceptual dizziness
,
1
*,
*
,
2
*
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
1
and
1
梅 俊华
武汉市第一医院,湖北 武汉 430022,
Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
张 琦
湖北中医药大学,湖北 武汉 430065,
Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
龚 雪
武汉市第一医院,湖北 武汉 430022,
Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
徐 金梅
武汉市第一医院,湖北 武汉 430022,
Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
潘 宋斌
武汉市第一医院,湖北 武汉 430022,
Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
潘 晓峰
武汉市第一医院,湖北 武汉 430022,
Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
王 俊力
武汉市第一医院,湖北 武汉 430022,
Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
刘 敏
武汉市第一医院,湖北 武汉 430022,
Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
武汉市第一医院,湖北 武汉 430022,
Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
湖北中医药大学,湖北 武汉 430065,
Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
*
P
< 0.05,
**
P
< 0.01. PPPD: Persistent postural and perceptual dizziness.
Directional force9.30±1.109.40±1.506.8090.059Memory2.20±0.422.30±0.322.420.043
*
Attention2.60±1.913.80±1.314.0420.002
**
Memory capacity2.20±1.292.50±1.43-4.3210.000
**
Language ability8.80±1.338.90±0.33-0.0910.576MMSE score25.10±3.8726.90±3.715.9310.001
**
2.1.2. PPPD患者在MoCA各维度上的描述统计及差异检验
PPPD患者在MoCA测试中各维度得分均较正常有所下降,其中,视空间与执行能力、注意力、延迟回忆等3个维度与对照组比较存在显著差异(
P
< 0.05),且MoCA总分为23.10±6.11,在轻度认知障碍的范围内(
)。
2
两组患者在MoCA量表上各维度情况
Dimension scores of the participants on MoCA scale (
Mean
±
SD
)
|
PPPD group (
n
=70)
|
Control group (
n
=70)
|
T
|
P
|
*
P
< 0.05,
**
P
< 0.01.
|
Visual space and execution
|
3.20±1.93
|
3.30±1.78
|
-6.927
|
0.037*
|
Named
|
2.60±0.70
|
2.90±0.91
|
6.803
|
0.059
|
Attention
|
3.90±1.70
|
4.80±1.93
|
2.424
|
0.015*
|
Language ability
|
2.70±2.33
|
2.80±1.97
|
0.309
|
0.613
|
Abstract ability
|
1.80±0.95
|
1.90±0.43
|
-0.081
|
0.835
|
Delayed recall
|
3.10±1.84
|
4.10±0.79
|
4.422
|
0.000**
|
Force
|
5.80±0.97
|
5.90±0.67
|
0.043
|
0.937
|
MOCA score
|
23.10±6.11
|
25.70±5.83
|
2.306
|
0.022*
|
2.1.3. PPPD患者睡眠质量各维度的具体情况及差异检验
PSQI量表的测量结果:70例PPPD患者中,PSQI总分在7~11分的轻度失眠患者有15例,占21.43%;总分在12~16分的中度失眠患者有49例,占70%;总分在17~21分的重度失眠患者有6例,占8.57%。PSQI总均分为14.60±2.06,其中,催眠药物(2.40±0.97)所占分值最高,睡眠质量(1.80±0.63)所占分值最低。PPPD患者在PSQI测试上除催眠药物的其他几个维度与对照组比较均存在显著差异(
P
< 0.05),且PSQI总分为14.60,表示睡眠质量一般(
)。
3
两组患者在PSQI量表上各维度情况
Dimension scores of the participants on PSQI scale (
Mean
±
SD
)
|
PPPD group (
n
=70)
|
Control group (
n
=70)
|
T
|
P
|
*
P
< 0.05,
**
P
< 0.01.
|
Sleep quality
|
1.80±0.63
|
1.50±1.18
|
2.476
|
0.016*
|
Sleep latency
|
2.00±0.52
|
1.80±0.82
|
-2.588
|
0.011*
|
The amount of sleep
|
1.90±0.88
|
1.70±0.93
|
2.719
|
0.007**
|
Sleep efficiency
|
2.10±0.92
|
1.70±1.88
|
0.989
|
0.032*
|
Sleep disorders
|
2.20±0.68
|
1.50±0.49
|
2.513
|
0.013*
|
The hypnotic drug
|
2.40±0.97
|
2.00±0.79
|
-0.623
|
0.534
|
Diurnal dysfunction
|
2.20±0.92
|
1.70±0.43
|
2.839
|
0.005**
|
PSQI score
|
14.60±2.06
|
11.90±3.39
|
0.974
|
0.034*
|
2.1.4. PPPD患者睡眠多导监测的具体情况及差异检验
PPPD患者在PSG监测上总睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠潜伏期、觉醒时间、觉醒次数、N1、N2、N3、REM期等几个维度与对照组比较均存在显著差异(
P
< 0.05,
)。
4
两组患者在PSG量表上各维度情况
Dimension scores of the participants on PSG scale (
Mean
±
SD
)
|
PPPD group (
n
=70)
|
Control group (
n
=70)
|
T
|
P
|
*
P
< 0.05,
**
P
< 0.01.
|
Total bed time (min)
|
441.10±0.67
|
448.30±0.63
|
2.171
|
0. 191
|
Total sleep time (min)
|
341.70±0.71
|
402.80±0.82
|
2.133
|
0.044*
|
Sleep efficiency (%)
|
70.10±0.66
|
87.90±0.93
|
2.719
|
0.032*
|
Sleep latency (min)
|
43.50±0.92
|
23.70±0.88
|
-0.989
|
0.005**
|
Wake up of time (min)
|
86.20±0.39
|
28.90±0.49
|
-2.141
|
0.000**
|
Number of awakening
|
12.10±0.68
|
3.90±0.79
|
-0.623
|
0.034*
|
N1 (%)
|
12.40±0.41
|
3.70±0.49
|
-2.391
|
0.005**
|
N2 (%)
|
66.20±0.48
|
48.2±0.53
|
-2.324
|
0.007**
|
N3 (%)
|
13.40±0.73
|
20.90±0.71
|
1.899
|
0.043*
|
REM (%)
|
11.00±0.41
|
24.10±0.39
|
1.932
|
0.041*
|
PLM
|
3.14±0.38
|
2.60±0.37
|
0.918
|
0.053
|
AHI
|
2.13±0.44
|
1.50±0.39
|
0.634
|
0.062
|
2.2. PPPD患者认知与睡眠的影响分析
2.2.1. PPPD患者认知与睡眠的相关分析
PPPD患者在MMSE上的注意力、记忆力、回忆能力3个维度和MoCA上的视空间与执行能力、注意力、延迟回忆3个维度与PSQI上除催眠药物以外的其他几个维度均呈显著相关(
P
< 0.05,
,
)。
5
患者在MoCA上的认知与睡眠的相关分析(
P
值)
Correlation analysis between the patients' cognitive function (assessed by MoCA) and sleep quality (
P
value)
|
MMSE
|
|
MoC
|
Attention
|
Memory
|
Memory capacity
|
MMSE score
|
|
Visual space and execution
|
Attention
|
Delayed recall
|
MoCA scores
|
*
P
< 0.05,
**
P
< 0.01.
|
Sleep quality
|
0.023*
|
0.039*
|
0.044*
|
0.042*
|
|
0.038*
|
0.000**
|
0.049*
|
0.049*
|
Sleep latency
|
0.038*
|
0.037*
|
0.043*
|
0.041*
|
|
0.042*
|
0.048*
|
0.047*
|
0.047*
|
The amount of sleep
|
0.047*
|
0.026*
|
0.031*
|
0.038*
|
|
0.048*
|
0.021*
|
0.026*
|
0.049*
|
Sleep efficiency
|
0.045*
|
0.048*
|
0.036*
|
0.049*
|
|
0.044*
|
0.046*
|
0.039*
|
0.014*
|
Sleep disorder
|
0.049*
|
0.047*
|
0.048*
|
0.049*
|
|
0.048*
|
0.049*
|
0.047*
|
0.046*
|
Diurnal dysfunction
|
0.032*
|
0.034*
|
0.016*
|
0.033*
|
|
0.049*
|
0.029*
|
0.007**
|
0.019*
|
PSQI score
|
0.049*
|
0.048*
|
0.019
|
0.037*
|
|
0.047*
|
0.047*
|
0.013*
|
0.027*
|
6
患者的认知与睡眠的相关分析(
r
值)
Correlation analysis between cognitive function and sleep quality among the patients (
r
value)
|
MMSE
|
MoCA
|
Attention
|
Memory
|
Memory capacity
|
MMSE score
|
Visual space and execution
|
Attention
|
Delayed recall
|
MoCA scores
|
r
≥0.6 was strongly correlated
|
Sleep quality
|
0.375
|
0.305
|
0.522
|
0.519
|
0.636
|
0.701
|
0.714
|
0.649
|
Sleep latency
|
0.344
|
0.337
|
0.547
|
0.488
|
0.647
|
0.692
|
0.747
|
0.683
|
The amount of sleep
|
0.351
|
0.319
|
0.498
|
0.437
|
0.628
|
0.621
|
0.626
|
0.62
|
Sleep efficiency
|
0.407
|
0.387
|
0.505
|
0.469
|
0.643
|
0.646
|
0.657
|
0.644
|
Sleep disorder
|
0.478
|
0.491
|
0.514
|
0.498
|
0.549
|
0.558
|
0.649
|
0.596
|
Diurnal dysfunction
|
0.434
|
0.442
|
0.489
|
0.478
|
0.594
|
0.629
|
0.788
|
0.697
|
PSQI score
|
0.433
|
0.405
|
0.536
|
0.479
|
0.641
|
0.674
|
0.741
|
0.698
|
2.2.2. PPPD患者认知与睡眠的回归分析
在认知功能和睡眠质量呈显著相关的基础上,进一步进行回归分析,确定PPPD患者的睡眠质量一定程度上影响其认知功能。通过回归分析,建立回归模型,得到回归方程为
Y
=-0.737+2.921
X
,其中拟合度指标
R
2
=0.509,回归方程有效性的方差分析结果
F
=8.307,
P
< 0.05,回归系数的显著性检验结果
t
=3.477,
P
< 0.05。选取MoCA总分为因变量,PSQI总分为自变量。通过回归分析,建立回归模型,延迟回忆与日间功能障碍的回归方程为
Y
=-1.579+ 4.974
X
,其中拟合度指标
R
2
=0.621,回归方程有效性的方差分析结果
F
=13.121,
P
< 0.01,回归系数的显著性检验结果
t
=4.822,
P
< 0.01。综上可知,PPPD患者的睡眠质量与其认知功能状态存在因果关系。
3. 讨论
PPPD作为近年来被逐渐深入认识的一类疾病,于2015年才正式被世界卫生组织国际疾病分类第十一次beta草案列入
[
9
]
,目前在国内关于PPPD相关研究较为匮乏,临床医生对其了解和认识不足。一些前瞻性及回顾性研究发现,在患有前庭神经炎及良性位置性头晕的患者中,大约有1/4的患者会发展为PPPD
[
13
-
18
]
。有一些小样本量研究表明,PPPD的平均发病年龄在50岁左右,其中女性多于男性,男女性别比约为1:2.8
[
19
-
20
]
,这与本研究结果基本一致,推测可能与体内激素代谢有关
[
21
]
。本研究结果表明,PPPD患者普遍存在睡眠障碍和轻度认知功能障碍。其中,MMSE及MOCA总分均低于对照组,MMSE评分中记忆力、注意力、回忆能力等3个维度与对照组比较存在显著差异,MOCA评分中视空间与执行能力、注意力、延迟回忆等3个维度与对照组比较存在显著差异。提示PPPD患者存在轻度认知障碍,主要表现在记忆、注意及视空间执行能力方面。而PSQI的测量结果显示PPPD患者睡眠潜伏期、睡眠质量、睡眠效率、睡眠紊乱、日间功能障碍维度分值均明显高于对照组,PSQI总均分也与对照组有显著差异,提示PPPD患者存在较明显的睡眠障碍。此外,PSG为睡眠疾病检查客观的评价标准之一,本研究采用PSG监测PPPD患者的睡眠情况,发现结果和PSQI量表测出的结果较为一致,再次证明PPPD患者确实存在睡眠障碍。既往研究表明PPPD患者会因头晕、眩晕而出现焦虑、抑郁等情绪
[
22
]
,而焦虑抑郁与睡眠障碍的相关性明显,因此这些负性情绪在一定程度上会增加患者睡眠潜伏期,导致入睡困难甚至出现夜间易醒,早醒、多梦等情况。从而导致睡眠效率下降,睡眠结构紊乱等睡眠障碍的发生。
既往研究表明睡眠障碍与认知障碍之间关系密切,睡眠有助于对脑内代谢废物的清除,如乳酸、β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)等
[
23
]
。睡眠剥夺可以影响身体健康的各个方面,对高级智能、学习记忆、情绪、精神状态等行为表现及机体心血管、内分泌、免疫系统、能量代谢等生理功能具有广泛影响
[
24
]
,甚至可以引起不可逆的损伤
[
25
]
。大量的临床实验也表明睡眠不足会影响机体的认知功能,包括注意力下降,工作记忆能力受损,感知迟钝等;睡眠剥夺之后会导致记忆障碍,个体的记忆及口头计算力等下降,影响了正常的学习过程
[
26
]
。并且睡眠不足的长期反复发作又可导致情感障碍,研究提示,睡眠剥夺状态时,在动物会表现出与人类相似的认知功能下降和焦虑样行为。而情感障碍也会加重免疫力、学习、记忆等各系统的障碍。以往研究表明PPPD患者常常会合并紧张、担心、焦虑不安、恐惧甚至抑郁的情绪,部分患者甚至存在较为严重的情绪障碍。一项547例眩晕/头晕患者的横断面研究发现有活动的精神疾病的患者接近50%
[
27
]
。但目前对于PPPD的睡眠及认知障碍的具体研究较少,国内尚无文献系统报道。本研究相关分析提示PPPD患者在MMSE测试中的注意力、记忆力、回忆能力等3个维度和MoCA测试中的视空间与执行能力、注意力、延迟回忆等3个维度与PSQI睡眠质量、睡眠潜伏期、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠紊乱、日间功能障碍呈中度正相关。进一步回归分析的结果表明,PPPD患者的睡眠质量直接影响着其认知的总水平。特别是日间功能障碍对患者认知的而影响,主要表现为由于白天活动时常感到疲劳、没有精神、难以保持完全清醒、完成事情有困难等,导致其注意力、回忆能力和视空间执行能力等认知功能的下降,进而影响到其总的认知水平。我们分析一方面提示PPPD患者睡眠障碍加重了认知损害,此外,情绪障碍如焦虑抑郁影响认知,尤其对注意力、执行能力影响明显。除此之外,功能磁共振研究也提示PPPD可能与顶叶前庭皮层,后岛,前岛,下额叶回,海马以及前扣带皮层在长期受到前庭刺激后活动性降低及相互的连接性的改变相关
[
28
-
29
]
。而以上区域同时也是与认知相关的中枢区域,因此推测以上结构功能的改变或与PPPD的认知损害相关,其具体机制还需进一步的研究予以证实。
综上所述,本文通过分析PPPD患者睡眠障碍和认知功能障碍的特点,探讨了PPPD患者睡眠障碍与认知功能障碍的因素。同时,对相关影响因素进行了具体分析,提示PPPD患者存在睡眠障碍与认知障碍,而睡眠障碍与认知功能中的部分维度相关,提示临床上我们在积极改善PPPD的眩晕、头晕、焦虑等临床症状的同时也应关注其睡眠及认知情况。若积极干预和改善其睡眠质量,将对其认知改善获益,也将对PPPD患者的生活质量及预后影响重大。
Funding Statement
湖北省卫计委中西医结合科研项目(2016-2017-42)
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