摘要 :GNSS基准站天线观测墩及其所在基岩会随地表温度变化产生热弹性形变,并累积为GNSS台站的位移。热弹性效应的定量分析对于准确分离GNSS基准站坐标时间序列中的信号和噪声具有重要意义。基于弹性力学和热弹性力学的相关理论,给出一维温度场下轴对称观测墩热弹性形变的解析解。结果表明,观测墩的垂向位移由观测墩和基岩的泊松比、热膨胀系数、温度差和高度共同决定。将温度变化引起的GNSS台站位移分为观测墩地上部分位移、观测墩地下部分位移和基岩位移3个部分考虑,提出一种更加严密的模型,并通过算例比较分析该模型与文献模型的差异。
关键词 热弹性效应 GNSS基准站 非线性信号 解析解

GNSS坐标时间序列中包含各种因素引起的非线性变化,如何定量分析和有效分离不同因素对时间序列非线性变化的影响,是GNSS坐标时间序列分析领域的热点和难点之一。GNSS坐标时间序列中的非线性变化可分为3类:一是虚假的非线性变化,主要由GNSS数据处理模型不完善或其他系统误差引起,如GNSS交点年周期误差、天线相位中心模型误差等 [ 1 - 4 ] ;二是真实的基准站非线性运动,如海洋及大气潮汐、环境负载、基岩及观测墩热膨胀效应等 [ 5 - 8 ] ;三是其他未知因素引起的形变。其中,包括基准站天线观测墩及其所在基岩在内的热弹性形变是时间序列中非线性信号的贡献源之一。

通常情况下,GNSS观测墩的一端会直接固连在基岩上或具有稳定结构的建筑物顶端,常见的观测墩材质包括水泥(观测墩)、铁(桁架)、钢(管)、铝合金(桅杆)等( 图 1 )。温度变化对GNSS台站位移的影响可以分为两个部分:一是地表温度变化通过热传递引起的基岩热膨胀效应,二是GNSS观测墩温度变化引起的热胀冷缩效应 [ 9 ] 。针对基岩受温度变化产生的位移,目前有两种分析方法:基于弹性半空间的热弹性形变模型 [ 10 - 11 ] 和基于统一的、三维球体的热弹性形变模型 [ 12 ] 。针对观测墩的温度变化,一般的处理方法如下 [ 8 ] :将空气温度变化作为观测墩内部温度变化,并且假设观测墩是一维结构,只存在轴向的形变,温度变化只引起GNSS天线观测墩地面以上部分的垂向位移。这种处理方法存在两个缺陷:一是观测墩并非一维结构,温度的变化不仅会引起观测墩的垂向位移,还会引起水平位移;二是目前的线性模型仅考虑观测墩地表以上部分的垂向形变,但观测墩与基岩的热传导系数等材料参数并不一致,因此作为一个整体考虑并不符合实际。基于上述理论,利用弹性力学及热弹性力学相关理论,对轴对称观测墩在一维温度场下的热弹性问题进行分析建模,得到观测墩位移的解析解。

\left\{\begin{array}{l} \varepsilon_{r}=\frac{\partial u}{\partial r} \\ \varepsilon_{\varphi}=\frac{u}{r} \\ \varepsilon_{z}=\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} \\ \gamma_{z r}=\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} \end{array}\right.

式中, u w 为径向和轴向的位移, ε r ε φ ε z γ zr 分别为径向应变、环向应变、轴向应变和切应变。

空间轴对称的物理方程为 [ 13 ]

\left\{\begin{array}{l} \varepsilon_{r}=\frac{1}{E}\left[\sigma_{r}-\mu\left(\sigma_{\varphi}+\sigma_{z}\right)+\alpha T\right] \\ \varepsilon_{\varphi}=\frac{1}{E}\left[\sigma_{\varphi}-\mu\left(\sigma_{r}+\sigma_{z}\right)+\alpha T\right] \\ \varepsilon_{z}=\frac{1}{E}\left[\sigma_{z}-\mu\left(\sigma_{r}+\sigma_{\varphi}\right)+\alpha T\right] \\ \gamma_{z r}=\frac{\tau_{z r}}{G}=\frac{2(1+\mu)}{E} \tau_{z r} \end{array}\right.

式中, σ r σ φ σ z τ zr 分别为径向应力、环向应力、轴向应力和切应力, α 为热膨胀系数, E 为弹性模量, μ 为泊松比, T 为温度差。

空间轴对称的平衡微分方程为 [ 13 ]

\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{\partial \sigma_{r}}{\partial r}+\frac{\partial \tau_{z r}}{\partial z}+\frac{\sigma_{r}-\sigma_{\varphi}}{r}=0 \\ \frac{\partial \sigma_{z}}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial \tau_{z r}}{\partial r}+\frac{\tau_{z r}}{r}=0 \end{array}\right.

联立式(1)、式(2)和式(3)可得用位移表示的平衡微分方程(假设温度变化仅为轴向坐标 z 和时间 t 的函数,则 $\frac{{\partial T}}{{\partial r}} = 0$ ):

\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{1-\mu}{1-2 \mu} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial r^{2}}+\frac{1-\mu}{1-2 \mu}\left(\frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial u}{\partial r}-\frac{u}{r^{2}}\right)+ \\ \ \ \ \ \frac{1}{2(1-2 \mu)} \frac{\partial^{2} w}{\partial r \partial z}+\frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial z^{2}}=0 \\ \frac{1-\mu}{(1+\mu)(1-2 \mu)} \frac{\partial^{2} w}{\partial z^{2}}+\frac{1}{2(1+\mu)(1-2 \mu)}\cdot \\ \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial r \partial z}+\frac{1}{2(1+\mu)} \frac{\partial^{2} w}{\partial r^{2}}+\frac{1}{2(1+\mu)(1-2 \mu)}\cdot \\ \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial u}{\partial z}+\frac{1}{2(1+\mu)} \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial w}{\partial r}-\frac{\alpha}{1-2 \mu} \frac{\partial T}{\partial z}=0 \end{array}\right.

将观测墩地表以上部分与地表以下部分分开考虑:

1) 对于观测墩地表以上部分(向上为 z 轴正方向),假定地表以上部分观测墩温度与地表温度变化一致(即温度 T 是时间的函数,与轴向坐标 z 和径向坐标 r 无关),则 τ zr =0,可将式(4)进一步简化为:

\left\{\begin{array}{l} (1-\mu) \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial r^{2}}+\mu \frac{\partial^{2} w}{\partial r \partial z}+(1-\mu) \cdot \\ \ \ \ \ \frac{1}{r}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}-\frac{u}{r}\right)=0 \\ (1-\mu) \frac{\partial^{2} w}{\partial z^{2}}+\mu\left(\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial r \partial z}+\frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial u}{\partial z}\right)=0 \end{array}\right.

边界条件为:

\begin{gathered} T(z, t)=\bar{T}+\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} A_{i} \mathrm{e}^{-z \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k}} \cdot\\ \cos \left(\omega_{i} t-z \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k}-\varphi_{i}\right) \end{gathered}

式中, T 为一段时期内的地表平均温度, k 为热传导系数(与时间 t 、深度 z 无关), N 为温度变化的谐波个数, A i ω i φ i 分别为温度第 i 个谐波的振幅、角频率和初始相位。

观测墩地表以下部分的边界条件为(向下为 z 轴正方向):

\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{1-\mu}{1-2 \mu} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial r^{2}}+\frac{1-\mu}{1-2 \mu}\left(\frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial u}{\partial r}-\frac{u}{r^{2}}\right)+ \\ \ \ \ \ \frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial z^{2}}=0 \\ (1-\mu) \frac{\partial^{2} w}{\partial z^{2}}+\frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial r \partial z}+\frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial u}{\partial z}- \\ \ \ \ \ \alpha(1+\mu) \frac{\partial T}{\partial z}=0 \end{array}\right.

将式(9)和式(10)代入式(11),可得方程组的解:

\left\{\begin{array}{l} u=\frac{1}{2} \frac{1+\mu}{1-\mu} r \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} A_{i} \mathrm{e}^{-z \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k}}\cdot \\ \ \ \ \ \cos \left(\omega_{i} t-z \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k}-\varphi_{i}\right) \\ \omega=\frac{1+\mu}{1-\mu} \alpha \int \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} A_{i} \mathrm{e}^{-z \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k}} \cdot\\ \ \ \ \ \cos \left(\omega_{i} t-z \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k}-\varphi_{i}\right) \mathrm{d} z \end{array}\right.

因此,地表以下部分观测墩产生的位移为:

\left\{\begin{array}{l} u_{\text {under }}=\frac{1}{2} \frac{1+\mu}{1-\mu} \alpha r \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} A_{i}\left(1-\mathrm{e}^{-z \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k}}\right) \cdot \\ \quad \cos \left(\omega_{i} t-z \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k}-\varphi_{i}\right) \\ w_{\text {under }}=\frac{1+\mu}{1-\mu} \alpha \sum A_{i} \sqrt{\frac{k}{\omega_{i}}}\left[\cos \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-\frac{{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}}{4}\right)-\right. \\ \left.\mathrm{e}^{-l_{2} \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k}} \cos \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-l_{2} \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k}-\frac{{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}}{4}\right)\right] \end{array}\right. \begin{aligned} &w_{\text {bedrock }}=-\frac{1+\mu_{1}}{1-\mu_{1}} \alpha_{1} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} A_{i} \sqrt{\frac{k_{1}}{2 \omega_{i}}} \mathrm{e}^{-z \sqrt{k_{1} / 2 \omega_{i}}} \cdot\\ &\ \ \ \ {\left[\sin \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-z \sqrt{\frac{\omega_{i}}{2 k_{1}}}\right)+\right.} \\ &\ \ \ \ \left.\left.\cos \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-z \sqrt{\frac{\omega_{i}}{2 k_{1}}}\right)\right]\right|_{0} ^{\infty}= \\ &\ \ \ \ \frac{1+\mu_{1}}{1-\mu_{1}} \alpha_{1} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} A_{i} \sqrt{\frac{k_{1}}{\omega_{i}}} \cos \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-\frac{{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}}{4}\right) \end{aligned}

式中, μ 1 α 1 k 1 分别为基岩的泊松比、热膨胀系数和热扩散系数。

若分别考虑观测墩地下部分与基岩,则基岩部分的垂向位移 w′ bedrock 应为:

\begin{gathered} w^{\prime}{}_{\text {bedrock }}=-\frac{1+\mu_{1}}{1-\mu_{1}} \alpha_{1} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} A_{i} \sqrt{\frac{k_{1}}{2 \omega_{i}}} \mathrm{e}^{-z \sqrt{k_{1} / 2 \omega_{i}}}\cdot \\ {\left[\sin \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-z \sqrt{\frac{\omega_{i}}{2 k_{1}}}\right)+\right.} \\ \left.\left.\cos \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-z \sqrt{\frac{\omega_{i}}{2 k_{1}}}\right)\right]\right|_{l_{2}} ^{\infty}=\frac{1+\mu_{1}}{1-\mu_{1}} \alpha_{1} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} A_{i} \sqrt{\frac{k_{1}}{\omega_{i}}} \cdot\\ \mathrm{e}^{-l_{2} \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k_{1}}} \cos \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-l_{2} \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k_{1}}-\frac{{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}}{4}\right) \end{gathered}

观测墩顶端的垂向位移 w imp 应为观测墩地表以上部分位移 w above 、地表以下部分位移 w under 和基岩部分位移 w′ bedrock 的叠加,根据式(8)、式(13)和式(15),可计算得到观测墩顶端的垂向位移为:

\begin{gathered} w_{\text {imp }}=\alpha T l_{1}+\frac{1+\mu}{1-\mu} \alpha \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} A_{i} \sqrt{\frac{k_{1}}{\omega_{i}}} \cdot \\ {\left[\cos \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-\frac{{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}}{4}\right)-\mathrm{e}^{-l_{2} \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k}} \cdot\right.} \\ \left.\cos \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-l_{2} \sqrt{\frac{\omega_{i}}{2 k}}-\frac{{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}}{4}\right)\right]+\frac{1+\mu_{1}}{1-\mu_{1}} \alpha_{1} \cdot \\ \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} A_{i} \sqrt{\frac{k_{1}}{\omega_{i}}} \mathrm{e}^{-l_{2} \sqrt{\omega_{i} / 2 k_{1}}} \cos \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-l_{2} \sqrt{\frac{\omega_{i}}{2 k_{1}}}-\frac{{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}}{4}\right) \end{gathered}

文献[ 8 ]中,观测墩顶端的垂向位移为观测墩地表以上部分位移 w above 与基岩位移 w bedrock 的和:

\begin{gathered} w_{\text {cur }}=\alpha T l_{1}+\frac{1+\mu_{1}}{1-\mu_{1}} \alpha_{1} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} A_{i} \sqrt{\frac{k_{1}}{\omega_{i}}}\cdot \\ \cos \left(\omega_{i} t-\varphi_{i}-\frac{{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}}{4}\right) \end{gathered}

由式(16)和式(17)可知,本文得到的观测墩地表以上部分的垂向位移与文献[ 8 ]的结果一致。对于观测墩地表以下部分,文献[ 8 ]中是将观测墩与基岩作为一个整体考虑,忽略了观测墩与基岩的热扩散系数、热膨胀系数和泊松比等参数的不一致,因此将观测墩地表以下部分与基岩分开考虑会更符合实际。此外,文献[ 8 ]还忽略了观测墩的水平位移,由于水平位移会随半径的增大而增大,因此需要将接收机安装在圆心处以消除水平位移对结果的影响。

通过算例对比分析本文与文献[ 8 ]的结果。设 T =20 ℃, N =1, A 1 =20, ω 1 =1.992 4×10 -7 /s, φ 1 =π, l 1 =3.5 m, l 2 =1.8 m,基岩与观测墩的材料参数如 表 1 所示。总位移与温度随时间的变化如 图 3 所示,本文模型与文献[ 8 ]模型的基岩位移对比如 图 4 所示。

结合 图 3 和式(16)可知,观测墩位移随温度的升高而增大,但与温度之间存在相位延迟。由 图 4 可见,本文基岩位移峰值小于文献[ 8 ]峰值,相差约43%,这是由于在半无限空间模型中基岩与观测墩地表以下部分被视为一个整体,会使基岩位移偏大。结合式(14)和(15)可知,本文与文献[ 8 ]的结果之间存在一个衰减项 ${{\rm{e}}^{ - {l_2}\sqrt {{\omega _i}/2{k_1}} }}$ 和相位延迟项 $ - {l_2}\sqrt {{\omega _i}/2{k_1}} $

图 5 图 6 分别为本文模型与文献[ 8 ]模型地表以下总位移和整体总位移对比,本文模型地表以下总位移和整体总位移分别比文献[ 8 ]的结果大55.1%和24.2%。这是因为本文模型中观测墩顶端的垂向位移为观测墩地表以上部分位移、地表以下部分位移和基岩部分位移之和,而文献[ 8 ]中观测墩顶端的垂向位移仅为观测墩地表以上部分位移与基岩位移之和。由于观测墩的热膨胀系数(12×10 -6 /℃)比基岩的热膨胀系数(6×10 -6 /℃)大,因此文献[ 8 ]中将观测墩与基岩作为一个整体会使总位移偏小。

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A More Rigorous Thermoelastic Effect Model of Displacement of GNSS Station
FANG Liu 1,2 MING Feng 1,2 REN Hongfei 1,2 1. State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, 1 Mid-Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China;
2. Xi'an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, 1 Mid-Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
Foundation support : Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, No. SKLGIE2021-ZZ-1; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 42074006, 41931076.
About the first author : FANG Liu, assistant professor, majors in space datum, E-mail: 915972668@qq.com .
Abstract : The temperature of GNSS monument and the bedrock can be influenced by surface air temperature changes, which results in thermoelastic deformation and accumulates as displacement of GNSS station. The quantity analysis on thermoelastic effect is important in separating accurately the signals and noises in coordinate time series of GNSS reference stations. In this paper, based on correlation theory of elastic mechanics and thermoelastic mechanics, we give the analytical solution thermoelastic deformation of axisymmetric monument under one-dimensional temperature field. Results suggest that the vertical displacement of monument is dependent on the Poisson's ratio, thermal expansion coefficient, temperature difference and the height of the monument and bedrock. We propose a more rigorous thermoelastic effect model, with the vertical displacement of GNSS station caused by temperature changes being considered in three parts: the displacement of aboveground part of the monument, underground part of that, and the bedrock. We compare the difference between the proposed model and literature results.
Key words : thermoelastic effect ; GNSS reference stations ; non-linear signal ; analytical solution