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语言学中的X-Bar Theory是指什么?
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3 个回答
X-bar 是一个syntactical framework,用于描述phrase structure，也就是一种语言的树状图，基本结构是这样的：
X''-(Specifier)X'－－－Specifier可有可无
X'-[(Adjunct)X']－－－这一层可有可无
X'-(Complement)X－－－Complement可有可无，如果有了一般不被挪动
以上的Specifier，Adjunct和Complement分别在X''，X'和X的左边还是右边视这个语言的parameter来决定。
X-bar framework在parameter的控制下可以把所有语言都结构化，并不是只局限于英语的。也就是说在D-structure（深层结构）上所有语言的本质结构都是一样的，但由于parameter和一些其他（特别复杂）的各种movement和principle使得他们的S-Structure（表层结构）不一样，从而使得每种语言的语法和结构看上去都很不同。
举个栗子，这是包括了V-T movement的德语句子的X-bar framework（这是我的某次作业，可能不完全正确，但差不多就是这个意思哈）：
X-bar theory is one of the sub syntactic theories that Noam Chomsky proposed in his work <lecture on government binding> that published in 1981 to account for cross linguistic variation. Most succinctly put, X-bar theory establishes hierarchical structure of any human language by projecting the spec and the head of a sentence to either left or right. It is recognized as a more scientific approach compare to the language specific parameters in the old syntactic model of transformational grammar. There are four types of language in terms of word order: SVO, SOV, VOS, OVS, and all of them can be analyzed under the scope of X-bar theory.
SVO: spec to the left, head to the left
SOV: spec to the left, head to the right
VOS: spec to the right, head to the left
OVS: spec to the right, head to the right
X-bar theory and move-alpha theory in the GB model has now been replaced by the more advanced theories of move and merge in Chomsky's new MT (minimalist theory) model.