論著名稱:
橫看從寬側從嚴-美國證券詐欺民事責任的司法論辯(Liable or Not Liable: Judicial Debates over the Civil Liabilities under Section 10(b) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act)
文獻引用 編著譯者: 出版日期: 2019.01.31 刊登出處: 台灣/ 臺灣財經法學論叢 第 1 卷 第 1 期 /1-98 頁 頁  數: 點閱次數: 下載點數: 392 點 中文摘要: 美國 1934 年證券交易法第 10 條第 2 項(§ 10(b))明文禁止證券詐欺的行為,惟對於違反者並未有賠償責任的規定。1946 年聯邦賓州地方法院以判決創設投資人的賠償請求權。其後聯邦法院紛紛採行;1971 年聯邦最高法院正式予以承認。
然而,誰有權請求賠償?誰應負責賠償?責任要件如何?這些問題數十年來爭議不休。法官對於證券法律的立法目的、法條文本、規範體系及立法史料,各有不同解讀,對於司法的界限也有不同的認知。法官運用不同的解釋方法,得到不同的結論,使用相同的解釋方法,也可以產生歧異的結果。關於投資人賠償請求權的相關問題,究竟從寬或從嚴,關鍵因素是法官對投資人賠償請求權的評價。不同的價值觀產生不同的評價,導致不同的選擇。繼受美國法制其實是移植法院的價值選擇。這種選擇雖有值得參採之處,卻不宜奉為金科玉律。
英文關鍵詞: 10(b) Securities Exchange Act Civil Liability Securities Fraud Misrepresentation of Material Information Implied Private Right of Action Vexatious Litigation Value Judgement Statutory Interpretation Textualism Legal Pragmatism 英文摘要: Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 outlaws any fraudulent or deceptive conduct in the sale or purchase of securities, but does not provide for a private cause of action for § 10(b) violations. An implied private right of action was found in § 10(b) by a federal district court in 1946. The rule was then followed by other federal courts, including circuit courts of appeals, and finally recongnized by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1971.
The key problems of the private right of action, however, remain highly contested. Who has the standing to sue? Who is liable? Is scienter on the defendant required? Or will negligence suffice? These issues have long divided Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court for decades.
The debates between both sides of Justices show that the most important factor underlying the difference is Justices’ value judgement on the private right of action. Conservative Justices believe in free market, are concerned about the harmful results of vexatious litigations, and tend to be more pro-business. Liberal Justices emphasize positive effects of the private cause of action on the securities market, and are more pro-investors. Adoption of the U.S. legal regime is practically transplanting the value choices of the Supreme Court. Those choices are valuable references, but cannot be transplanted without qualifications.
目  次: 壹、前言
貳、民事責任的創設與開展
一、創設投資人的訴權:Kardon 案
二、開展:推定交易因果關係
參、民事責任的限縮
一、Blue Chip Stamps 案:賠償請求權人限於實際買入或賣出證券之人
二、Ernst & Ernst 案:過失行為不須負賠償責任
三、賠償義務人-限縮次要行為人的責任
肆、法律解釋方法
一、法條文本
二、判決先例
三、規範體系
四、立法史料與國會意志
五、立法目的與結果考量
六、司法的界限
七、解釋方法與價值選擇
伍、結論
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